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2014職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)綜合B押題
一、閱讀判斷
第8篇：What Is a Dream?(B級)
What Is a Dream?
For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others, however, think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person's mind and emotions.
Before modem times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.
The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud, was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams ( 1900 ), Freud wrote that dreams are an expressions of a person's wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.
The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung was once a student of Freud' s. Jung, however, had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.
Modem-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example, psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz, believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person's daily life, thoughts, and behavior. A criminal, for example, might dream about crime.
Dornhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.
He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example, the people in men's dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women's dreams. 3 Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modem and traditional ones.
Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that
something terrible is going to occur,you shouldn't panic. The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. It's important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.
詞匯：
psychologist n.心理學(xué)家 psychiatrist n.精神病學(xué)家(醫生)
Austrian adj.奧地利的 gender n.性別
注釋?zhuān)?/p>
1.SigmundFreud西格蒙德.費洛伊德(1856-1939)，猶太人，奧地利精神病醫生及精神分析學(xué)家。精神分析學(xué)派的創(chuàng )始人。他認為被壓抑的欲望絕大部分是屬于性的，性的擾亂是精神病的根本原因。著(zhù)有《性學(xué)三論》《夢(mèng)的釋義》《圖騰與禁忌》《日常生活的心理病理學(xué)》《精神分析引論》《精神分析引論新編》等
2.Carl Jung:卡爾.榮格，瑞士著(zhù)名精神分析專(zhuān)家，分析心理學(xué)的創(chuàng )始人
3.For example.the people in men’s dreams are often other men，and the dreams often involve fighting.This is not true of women’s dreams.例如，男人做夢(mèng)會(huì )夢(mèng)到男人，并且常與打斗有關(guān);女人做夢(mèng)與男人則不同。
練習：
1. Not everyone agrees that dreams are meaningful. A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
2. According to Freud,people dream about things that they cannot talk about. A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
3. Jung believed that dreams did not help one to understand oneself. A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
4. In the past,people believed that dreams involved emotions. A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
5. According to Dornhoff,babies do not have the same ability to dream as adults do. A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
6. Men and women dream about different things. A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
7. Scientists agree that dreams predict the future. A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
1.A這句話(huà)恰好表達了本文第一段的意思。即有些心理學(xué)家認為，人腦睡眠中的活動(dòng)沒(méi)有特別意義;而有些人則認為，夢(mèng)可以揭示人的思維和情感。.
2.A第三段的最后一句講的是弗洛伊德認為夢(mèng)反映了人們在現實(shí)情況下害怕表達的情感、想法或恐懼。此句與本敘述一致。
3.B第四段的第二句和第三句：Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer.(榮格認為夢(mèng)的用途是向做夢(mèng)者傳遞一個(gè)信息)He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams.(他認為人們通過(guò)思考所做的夢(mèng)能夠更好地了解自己)。他給出了兩個(gè)例子來(lái)說(shuō)明他的論點(diǎn)。
4.C文中沒(méi)有提及。
5.A依據第六段，Domhoff研究得出：嬰兒不像成人做那么多的夢(mèng)，做夢(mèng)是一種需要時(shí)間提高的技能。這就說(shuō)明了嬰兒不具備成人做夢(mèng)的能力。
6.A本文第七段講述了做夢(mèng)與性別的關(guān)系。第二句更指出男人和女人做的夢(mèng)是不同的。 7.B最后一段的倒數第二句講的是：夢(mèng)可能會(huì )有意義，但并不表示一些恐怖事情就一定會(huì )發(fā)生。因而不能預測未來(lái)。
譯文：
什么是夢(mèng)?
許多世紀以來(lái)，人們都對他們夢(mèng)到的奇異事情感到疑惑。一些心理學(xué)家認為，這種大腦的夜間活動(dòng)并沒(méi)有特殊含義。另一些人則認為，夢(mèng)是生命中重要的一部分。實(shí)際上，許多專(zhuān)家認為，夢(mèng)能揭示人的心理和情感活動(dòng)。
近代以前，很多人認為夢(mèng)傳遞的是上帝的信息。直到20世紀，人們才開(kāi)始從科學(xué)的角度研究夢(mèng)。奧地利心理學(xué)家西格蒙德·弗洛伊德或許是第一個(gè)用科學(xué)的方法研究夢(mèng)的人。在他的著(zhù)作《夢(mèng)的解析》(1900)中，弗洛伊德寫(xiě)道，夢(mèng)是一個(gè)人愿望的表達。他認為夢(mèng)打開(kāi)了一扇窗，讓人們得以表達在生活中不敢表達的情感、思想和恐懼。
瑞士精神病學(xué)家卡爾·榮格曾是弗洛伊德的學(xué)生，但他對夢(mèng)的看法與弗洛伊德不同。他認為，做夢(mèng)的目的是要給做夢(mèng)的人傳遞一種信息。而人們想想自已做的夢(mèng)，便能對自己有一個(gè)更深刻的了解。比如，如果夢(mèng)到從高處墜落，那么他應該反思自己是不是白視過(guò)高。反過(guò)來(lái)，如果夢(mèng)中自己成了英雄，應該想想平時(shí)可能太看低自己了。
現代心理學(xué)家還在繼續發(fā)展關(guān)于夢(mèng)的理論，來(lái)自位于圣克魯茲的加利福尼亞大學(xué)的威廉·多姆霍夫就是其中一位。他認為，夢(mèng)境和一個(gè)人的日常生活、思想和行為都緊密相關(guān)，比方說(shuō)，一個(gè)罪犯就可能夢(mèng)到犯罪。
多姆霍夫還認為，夢(mèng)和年齡也有關(guān)系。他的研究表明，孩子不像成人做夢(mèng)做的那么多。他認為，做夢(mèng)也是一項心理機能，也需要隨著(zhù)年齡增長(cháng)而發(fā)展。多姆霍夫還發(fā)現夢(mèng)和性別之間的關(guān)系。通過(guò)研究，他發(fā)現男性和女性的夢(mèng)境常常是不同的。例如，在男性夢(mèng)境中出現的通常是其他男性，而且常與打斗有關(guān)，而女性的夢(mèng)境則不是這樣。多姆霍夫通過(guò)研究包括來(lái)自現代文化以及傳統文化背景在內的11種不同文化背景的人群夢(mèng)境中的性別差異得出了上述結論。
夢(mèng)能幫助我們更好地理解自己?jiǎn)?心理學(xué)家還在嘗試通過(guò)不同方式來(lái)解答這個(gè)問(wèn)題，不過(guò)，有一件事他們是意見(jiàn)一致的：如果你夢(mèng)到有不好的事要發(fā)生，不要慌張。夢(mèng)可能會(huì )有意義，但也不意味著(zhù)你夢(mèng)到的一些恐怖事情就一定會(huì )發(fā)生。要記住，夢(mèng)中的世界并不是真實(shí)的世界。
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