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英語(yǔ)演講稿要求及范文
一、結構清楚,邏輯明晰
由于公共演講一般受眾為數十人甚至數百、數千人,再加上演講環(huán)境的不確定性(比如:觀(guān)眾的歡呼,或者抱怨),最好在進(jìn)入主題后馬上給出所講內容的邏輯框架,以便聽(tīng)眾更好的預判整個(gè)演講內容,有利于他們更好地跟隨演講者的思路,達到良好的演講效果。比如,喬布斯在該次演講中,開(kāi)篇稍微寒暄開(kāi)篇之后,就進(jìn)入正題,“Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That's it. No big deal. Just three stories.”學(xué)生們馬上能做出邏輯預判,我們今天會(huì )聽(tīng)到喬布斯談三點(diǎn),然后具體關(guān)注是哪三點(diǎn),這種演講就具備了“audience-centeredness”(以觀(guān)眾為中心)的特質(zhì)。喬布斯在隨后的演講中明確提到,“The first story is about connecting the dots. My second story is about love and loss. My third story is about death.”由于這種明晰的思路,聽(tīng)眾在聽(tīng)完之后也會(huì )記憶猶新,不會(huì )覺(jué)得頭腦混亂,毫無(wú)所得。
當然,演講稿的邏輯安排有多種方式,喬布斯的這篇演講是按照topical order(話(huà)題順序)和chronological order(時(shí)間順序)來(lái)安排的。除此之外, 還有 spatial order(空間順序), problem-solutution order(提問(wèn)解決順序)等等。大家可以根據不同的演講內容來(lái)安排自己演講稿的邏輯順序和結構。
二、開(kāi)篇出彩,結尾有道
演講稿的開(kāi)篇和結尾往往需要花費大量的功夫去設計,這往往是精彩演講的亮點(diǎn)所在。因此,在寫(xiě)作時(shí),需要結合受眾、場(chǎng)合和演講內容等,爭取一開(kāi)始就緊緊抓住聽(tīng)眾的注意力和興趣所在,結尾時(shí),盡量做到意味深長(cháng)、啟發(fā)思考。下面,我將給大家具體分析基本的開(kāi)篇和結尾模式,供大家以后寫(xiě)作參考。
開(kāi)篇的目的是要吸引聽(tīng)眾,喬布斯在該篇演講稿中使用的是“relate the topic to the audience"(關(guān)聯(lián)話(huà)題與聽(tīng)眾)的方式,這是一種比較有效的方法,人們一般對自己的事情都很關(guān)注,和自己相關(guān)的事情也會(huì )格外留意,喬布斯在開(kāi)篇說(shuō)到,“I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. I never graduated from college. Truth be told, I never graduated from college. This is the closest I've ever gotten to a college graduation.”高度贊美斯坦福大學(xué)是最好的大學(xué)之一,就是在與聽(tīng)眾發(fā)生關(guān)聯(lián),讓大家產(chǎn)生好感,當然老喬還用了適當的幽默,更好地融洽了與聽(tīng)眾的關(guān)系,“簡(jiǎn)潔、有效”本就是喬布斯的演講風(fēng)格。除此之外,還有其他的一些開(kāi)篇方式,我們也需要了解和掌握。 1. State the importance of your topic(指出演講話(huà)題的重要性)。直接告訴聽(tīng)眾,你的演講重要在哪里。比如:今天要做的是一場(chǎng)“英語(yǔ)演講的藝術(shù)”的演講,那開(kāi)始就直接指出,該演講對于大家今后的學(xué)習工作將會(huì )有重大的幫助,甚至給出一些數據和實(shí)例,讓聽(tīng)眾明白不聽(tīng)這個(gè)演講將會(huì )是我的損失。這樣,聽(tīng)眾就會(huì )很樂(lè )意投入到該次演講中去。2. Startle the audience (使聽(tīng)眾震驚)。例如:要做一場(chǎng)關(guān)于“生活方式與疾病”的演講,開(kāi)篇就可以給出一組極具沖擊力的數據,讓聽(tīng)眾看到生活方式的不健康將會(huì )是多么可怕的事情,這樣的震驚使聽(tīng)眾能夠快速調整狀態(tài),投入到聽(tīng)演講中去。3. Arouse the curiosity of the audience(引起聽(tīng)眾的好奇心)4. Question the audience(向觀(guān)眾提問(wèn))。5. Begin with a quotation(以引用開(kāi)篇)。6. Tell a story (以故事開(kāi)篇)。這些基本開(kāi)篇的方式被無(wú)數的演講證明是實(shí)用而且有效的。
結尾往往可以起到“畫(huà)龍點(diǎn)睛”的作用,開(kāi)篇正文再好,如果結尾過(guò)于平淡,整個(gè)演講的精彩程度都會(huì )大打折扣。那么如何做到“結尾有道”呢?首先,我們來(lái)看看喬布斯的這篇演講稿,他的結尾比開(kāi)篇更加出彩,采用的是“end with a quotation”,達到的效果是特別引人深思。他在結尾說(shuō)道,“Stewart and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age. On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous. Beneath it were the words: "Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish." It was their farewell message as they signed off. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. And I have always wished that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.”他不僅在結尾引用這句“Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish”(求知若渴,虛懷若谷),而且重復三遍,強化聽(tīng)眾的印象,這句話(huà)也被廣泛傳播,被譽(yù)為該篇演講的“精髓”。
在結尾時(shí),可以用結束信號詞讓聽(tīng)眾明白你要準備結尾了,不要讓演講結束得太突兀,比如,“In conclusion", "Let me end my speech by saying...", "I'd like to close my speech this way."等。具體的結尾方式很多,常見(jiàn)的有:1. Summarize your speech(總結演講)。2. Make a dramatic statement(強有力的陳述),這個(gè)不同于引用他人之言,往往是演講者自己的沉淀和吶喊,非常經(jīng)典的演講是Patrick Henry's legendary "Liberty or Death" oration. 他在結尾時(shí)說(shuō)道,"Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but as for mw, give me liberty, or give me death." 3. refer to the introduction(首尾呼應)。這是體現演講內在統一的很經(jīng)典的形式,值得借鑒。
三、觀(guān)點(diǎn)闡釋?zhuān)行е?/strong>
毫無(wú)疑問(wèn),主體段的信息量最大,寫(xiě)作量也是最大,如何更清晰地闡釋演講者的觀(guān)點(diǎn),有效支撐分論點(diǎn),是寫(xiě)作時(shí)應該把握的關(guān)鍵。在明晰了寫(xiě)作邏輯之后,就要圍繞這些邏輯要點(diǎn)來(lái)展開(kāi)論證。喬布斯在斯坦福大學(xué)的畢業(yè)演講中,邏輯要點(diǎn)有三:1. The first story is about connecting the dots. 2. My second story is about love and loss. 3. My third story is about death. 他在闡釋中主要運用了以下手段。首先,舉例子。文中用了大量的例子來(lái)說(shuō)明他怎么對待學(xué)習、工作和死亡,比如他說(shuō)起自己決定輟學(xué)然后旁聽(tīng)有意思的課程,這些課當時(shí)對他沒(méi)什么實(shí)質(zhì)的幫助,但是十年后在當他設計第一款Macintosh 電腦的時(shí)候,這些東西全派上了用場(chǎng),這個(gè)例子充分說(shuō)明了他要講的第一個(gè)要點(diǎn)-- 串起生命中的點(diǎn)滴。在隨后的文中,喬布斯大量地講述了他事業(yè)生活中的例子,讓聽(tīng)眾感受到真實(shí)的力量和鼓舞。其次,引用。他除了在文章最后用到了引用,文中也不乏引用的痕跡,比如在講到死亡時(shí),他引用了一句格言,“If you live each day as if it was your last, someday you'll most certainly be right.”這句話(huà)能表明他對于死亡的態(tài)度。恰到好處的引用往往能使聽(tīng)眾印象深刻。第三, 數據。在講第二個(gè)故事--關(guān)于愛(ài)和失去時(shí),喬布斯用到了一系列數據來(lái)支撐觀(guān)點(diǎn)。他說(shuō)自己是幸運的,因為,“Woz and I started Apple in my parents garage when I was 20. We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $2 billion company with over 4000 employees. We had just released our finest creation — the Macintosh — a year earlier, and I had just turned 30.”數據很直觀(guān),能讓聽(tīng)眾有直接的認識和理解。
除了以上提到的主體段展開(kāi)方式,還有一些常用的手段,比如:testimony(引證),可以用專(zhuān)家的觀(guān)點(diǎn)增強演講的信度,也可以用普通人的一手經(jīng)驗證明自己的觀(guān)點(diǎn)。另外,大家還需要了解的是,舉例分為簡(jiǎn)短的例子,具體深入的例子和假想的例子;數據包括單一數據,組合數據等等。
范文
Man’s life is a process of growing up, actually I’m standing here is a growth. If a person’s life must constituted by various choices, then I grow up along with these choices. Once I hope I can study in a college in future, however that’s passed, as you know I come here, now I wonder what the future holds for (= what will happen to) me. ??
When I come to this school, I told to myself: this my near future, all starts here. Following I will learn to become a man, a integrated man, who has a fine body, can take on important task, has independent thought, an open mind, intensive thought, has the ability to judge right and wrong, has a perfect job. ??
Once my teacher said :” you are not sewing, you are stylist; never forget which you should lay out to people is your thought, not craft.” I will put my personality with my interest and ability into my study, during these process I will combine learning with doing. If I can achieve this “future”, I think that I really grow up. And I deeply believe kindred, good-fellowship and love will perfection and happy in the future. ??
How to say future? Maybe it’s a nice wish. Lets make up our minds, stick to it and surely well enjoy our life.
中文翻譯:人的一生是一個(gè)成長(cháng)的過(guò)程,事實(shí)上,我現在站在這里也是一次成長(cháng)。如果一個(gè)人的一生必須面臨不同的選擇,那我長(cháng)大伴隨著(zhù)這些選擇。有一次,我希望我能在將來(lái)在大學(xué),然而那是過(guò)去了,因為你知道我來(lái)這里,現在我不知道將來(lái)如何為(=會(huì )發(fā)生什么)我。 ??
當我來(lái)到這所學(xué)校,我告訴我自己:我不久的將來(lái)都從這里開(kāi)始。以下我將學(xué)習如何成為一個(gè)男人,一個(gè)正直的人,誰(shuí)擁有一個(gè)健康的體魄,能承擔重要的任務(wù),能獨立思考,思想開(kāi)放,心思縝密,有判斷是非,有一個(gè)完美的工作能力。 ??
我的老師曾經(jīng)說(shuō):“你是不是縫紉,你是設計師;永遠不要忘記你所能展示給人們是你的思想,不是你的手藝。“我會(huì )將我的性格,興趣和能力,成為我的研究,在這過(guò)程中,我將結合學(xué)習與做。如果我能實(shí)現這個(gè)“未來(lái)”,我覺(jué)得我真的長(cháng)大了。我深信我的親人,好友情,愛(ài)情將會(huì )完善和快樂(lè )的未來(lái)。 ??
怎么說(shuō)未來(lái)呢?也許這是一個(gè)美好的愿望。讓我們下定決心,堅持到底,那真正的享受我們的生活。
【英語(yǔ)演講稿要求及】相關(guān)文章:
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