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國際貿易指南
GUIDE TO INTERNATIONAL TRADE國際貿易指南
Part A: Guide to Incoterms 2000
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While the terms of sale in international business often sound similar to those commonly used in domestic contracts, they often have different meanings. Confusion over these terms can result in a lost sale or a financial loss on a sale. Thus, it is essential that you understand what terms you are agreeing to before you finalize a contract.
雖然在國際商務(wù)中所使用的銷(xiāo)售條件和國內合同中通常所用的銷(xiāo)售條件聽(tīng)起來(lái)很相似，但是它們的含義往往不同�；煜@些條件可能會(huì )喪失銷(xiāo)售機會(huì )或者導致銷(xiāo)售出現經(jīng)濟損失。因此，在敲定合同之前，理解你所用意的條件是至關(guān)重要的。
Incoterms 2000
By the 1920s, commercial traders developed a set of trade terms to describe their rights and liabilities with regard to the sale and transport of goods. These trade terms consisted of short abbreviations for lengthy contract provisions. Unfortunately, there was no uniform interpretation of them in all countries, and therefore misunderstandings often arose in cross-border transactions.
To improve this aspect of international trade, the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) in Paris developed INCOTERMS (International Commercial TERMS), a set of uniform rules or the interpretation of international commercial terms defining the costs, risks, and obligations of buyers and sellers in international transactions. First published in 1936, these rules have been periodically revised to account for changing modes of transport and document delivery. The current version is Incoterms 2000.
《國際貿易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則2000》
20世紀20年代，商人們開(kāi)發(fā)了一套用于說(shuō)明他們在貨物銷(xiāo)售和運輸中權利和義務(wù)的貿易術(shù)語(yǔ)。這些貿易術(shù)語(yǔ)由代表冗長(cháng)合同條款的簡(jiǎn)短縮寫(xiě)構成。不幸的是，這些術(shù)語(yǔ)在不同的國家沒(méi)有同意的解釋?zhuān)虼�，在跨國境貿易中，常常出現誤解。
為了對國際貿易的這一領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行改進(jìn)，設在巴黎的國際商會(huì )（ICC）開(kāi)發(fā)了一套用于解釋確定國交儀中買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方費用、風(fēng)險和責任的統一規則——國際貿易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則。該通則初版于1936，定期進(jìn)行修訂以反映運輸和單據交付方式的變化�，F行的版本為《國際貿易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則2000》。
Use of Incoterms
Incoterms are not implied into contracts for the sale of goods. If you desire to use Incoterms, you must specifically include them in your contract. Further, your contract should expressly refer to the rules of interpretation as defined in the latest revision of Incoterms, for example, Incoterms 2000, and you should ensure the proper application of the terms by additional contract provisions. Also, Incoterms are not “laws”. In case of a dispute, courts and arbitrators will look at: 1) the sales contract, 2) who has possession of the goods, and 3) what payment, if any, has been made. See International Contracts, also by World Trade Press.
《國際貿易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則》的使用
國際貿易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則并非暗含在貨物銷(xiāo)售合同中。如果想采用國際貿易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則，必須特地將其寫(xiě)進(jìn)合同中。而且合同應該明確援引國際貿易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則的最新修訂本，如《國際貿易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則2000》中確定的解釋規則。此外，還應該通過(guò)附加的合同條款確保這些術(shù)語(yǔ)的正確應用。而且，國際貿易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則不是“法律”。當出現糾紛時(shí)，法院和仲裁機構將考察：（1）銷(xiāo)售合同；（2）誰(shuí)擁有貨物；（3）如果有的話(huà)，進(jìn)行了哪些支付。參見(jiàn)世界貿易出版社出版的《國際貿易》一書(shū)。
Illustrated Guide to Incoterms
This guide was designed to give a graphic representation of the buyer’s and seller’s risks and costs under each Incoterm. The material on each facing page gives a summary of seller and buyer responsibilities.
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