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英語(yǔ)閱讀基本功之難句過(guò)關(guān)大全－分割結構
分割結構是一種修辭手段,在英語(yǔ)句子中,特別是在書(shū)面語(yǔ)中,比較常見(jiàn)。分割結構就是指把英語(yǔ)句子中原來(lái)屬于一個(gè)整體的句子成分分割開(kāi),一部分留在句子的原來(lái)位置,另一部分遠離原來(lái)位置。
如：The best books are treasuries of good words, the golden thoughts, which, remembered and cherished, become our constant companions and comforters. 不難看出which become our constant companions and comforters原本是一個(gè)整體,被用作狀語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞remembered and cherished分割開(kāi)。常見(jiàn)的分割結構形式有同位語(yǔ)或同位語(yǔ)從句與先行詞的分割,定語(yǔ)或and定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞的分割,主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)的分割,謂語(yǔ)與賓語(yǔ)的分割。使用分割結構的目的是使語(yǔ)句結構平衡,避免頭重腳輕,或者為了使表達的主題思想更加突出醒目,讀起來(lái)更通順流暢。分割結構的存在說(shuō)明了英語(yǔ)在結構形式和表達方法上的生動(dòng)性和靈活性,但也造成了句子結構的錯綜復雜。對于分割結構,只有從結構上和語(yǔ)意上弄清它才能避免理解上的錯誤,英譯漢時(shí)要把原來(lái)屬于一個(gè)整體部分的意義譯出。
如： An unusual present was given to him for his birthday, a book on ethics.過(guò)生日的時(shí)候他得到了一件不尋常的禮物--一本關(guān)于倫理道德的書(shū)。
再如： After Galileo's work the feeling grew that there were universal laws governing the motion of bodies and that these laws might apply to motion in the heavens as well as on earth.在伽利略著(zhù)作之后,這樣的認識加強了,即認為存在著(zhù)支配物體運動(dòng)的普遍規律,這些規律不僅支配著(zhù)地球上的也支配著(zhù)天體上的物體的運動(dòng)。
此外,還有定語(yǔ)(或定語(yǔ)從句)與其中心詞被分隔,某些詞語(yǔ)與其所要求的介詞被分隔,動(dòng)詞與其賓語(yǔ)被分隔,介詞與其賓語(yǔ)被分隔等�？傊�,英語(yǔ)的分隔應遵循尾重原則(應當把長(cháng)而復雜的成分放在句末,從而使結構平衡勻稱(chēng),以避免主語(yǔ)部分太長(cháng),謂語(yǔ)部分太短)和句尾信息焦點(diǎn)原則(把新信息,即語(yǔ)義重點(diǎn)放在句子末尾)。閱讀時(shí)要注意把原來(lái)屬于一個(gè)整體的各部分找出來(lái)。
1. Such a viewpoint, particularly prominent in the developing countries, is reinforced by the widely-held belief that it is not the peaceful application of nuclear energy that is endangering the survival of mankind.
第一層： Such a viewpoint, 主 particularly prominent in the developing 定 countries, is 系 reinforced 表 by the widely-held belief 狀 that it is not the peaceful application of nuclear energy that is end- 同位語(yǔ)從句 angering the survival of mankind.
第二層： that 引 it 形主 is not 系 the peaceful application 強調主語(yǔ) of nuclear energy 定 that 引 is endangering 謂 the survival 賓 of mankind. 定
要點(diǎn) 本句主干為 Such a viewpoint... is reinforced by the widely-held belief ;形容詞短語(yǔ) particularly prominent in the developing countries ,作為插入語(yǔ)修飾 viewpoint ,將主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)分隔開(kāi)來(lái);介詞短語(yǔ) by the widely-held belief 是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) reinforced 的行為主體; that it is...mankind 是 belief 的同位語(yǔ)從句,這里還含有一個(gè)強調句式,即 it is not the peaceful application...that is endangering... 。
譯文 這種在發(fā)展中國家顯得尤為突出的觀(guān)點(diǎn)被一種廣泛持有的信念所加強,即并非和平利用核能正危害著(zhù)人類(lèi)的生存。
2. No girl should marry a man whose last name has the same initial as hers, for, as the rhyme goes, Change the name but not the letter, marry for worse instead of better.
第一層： No girl 主 should marry 謂 a man 賓 whose last name has the same initial as hers , 定語(yǔ)從句 for, as the rhyme goes, Change 狀語(yǔ)從句 the name but not the letter, marry for worse instead of better.
第二層： whose 引 last name 主 has 謂 the same initial 賓 as hers 定
for, 引 as the rhyme goes, 狀 Change 謂 the name 賓 but 連 not the letter, 賓 marry 謂 for worse instead of better. 狀
要點(diǎn) 這是個(gè)主從復合句。for是連接詞,引導狀語(yǔ)從句。as the rhyme goes是插入語(yǔ),插在for和它引導的從句之間,造成for和它引導的從句的分離,翻譯時(shí),可譯成一個(gè)主謂結構。
譯文 姑娘不該嫁給與自己的姓的首字母相同的人,因為正如一首童謠所說(shuō)：改姓不改首字母,婚后必將受其苦。
3. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the odd balls among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who work well with the team.
要點(diǎn) 否定詞nor放在句首時(shí),主謂倒裝。is放到了主語(yǔ)management前。同時(shí),if引導的條件狀語(yǔ)從句置于nor與句子的其他成分之間,造成了句子的割裂狀態(tài)。條件狀語(yǔ)從句中as desirable... as the writing...可視為同級比較結構。句中who引導的定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞thinkers,可采用合譯的方法翻譯。be blamed for為固定短語(yǔ),意為 因…而受指責 。in favor of ...在句中做狀語(yǔ)。
譯文 假如像學(xué)術(shù)論文反映的那樣,科學(xué)家們期望看到與某種標準模式符合的規律性和一致性。那么,如果管理者們歧視研究者中的 怪杰 ,而喜歡善于合作的較常規思維的人,這也是無(wú)可指責的。
4. I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of juggling your life , and making the alternative move into downshifting brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.
要點(diǎn) 本句中as perhaps Kelsey will...引導的方式狀語(yǔ)從句放到了主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞discovered與that引導的賓語(yǔ)從句之間,從而造成動(dòng)賓之間的分割。as引導的從句中省略了謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞discover,是為了避免重復。賓語(yǔ)從句中主語(yǔ)為 abandoning...and making... 并列的動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ);謂語(yǔ)為 bring sth with sth 結構,只是因賓語(yǔ)過(guò)長(cháng),而把with短語(yǔ)提前了。
譯文 我發(fā)覺(jué),放棄那種 日夜操勞的生活 信念而選擇 放慢生活的節奏 會(huì )帶來(lái)比金錢(qián)和社會(huì )地位更大的回報。凱爾西在長(cháng)期經(jīng)受巨大壓力后,從惹人注目的《女性》雜志編輯部退出之后,恐怕她也將與我有同樣的感覺(jué)。
5. Such an outcome, if it happens, could cause a political controversy; or it could lead to more power being transferred to the EU in the worst possible circumstances, namely when the Union is deeply unpopular.
要點(diǎn) 這是個(gè)復合句。條件從句因為太短,置于主句的主謂之間,造成句子割裂,翻譯時(shí)應將從句提到句首。namely when the...unpopular是一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句,用來(lái)解釋the worst possible circumstances。the EU: the European Union,歐盟。
譯文 這種結果一旦產(chǎn)生,就可能引起政治上的爭吵;在最糟糕的情況下,即在歐盟很不得人心的時(shí)候,也可能使更多的權利落到歐盟手中。
6. That fact, let alone the current division between the 11 euro countries and the four, led by Britain, that have not joined, is likely to mean that the Union should become a multi-system entity, with some countries signing up to everything and others choosing only some things.
要點(diǎn) 句子的主干結構是That fact... is likely to mean that...。with some countries signing up to everything and others choosing only some things是 with +復合結構 形式,表示伴隨狀態(tài)。短語(yǔ)let alone...not joined置于主謂之間,造成句子割裂,翻譯時(shí)應將其還原,放在最后。分詞短語(yǔ)led by Britain和定語(yǔ)從句that have not joined都修飾the four。euro:歐元。multi-:前綴,表示 多…的 ,如mutilateral,多邊的：multiple,多個(gè)的。
譯文 這一事實(shí)可能意味著(zhù)歐盟將成為一個(gè)多體系的實(shí)體,其中一些國家對每一件事都表示贊同,而另一些則不盡然;更不用說(shuō)以英國為首的尚未加入歐洲統一貨幣體系的四國和已經(jīng) 加入這一體系的十一個(gè)歐元國家之間目前已存在的分歧了。
7. This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
要點(diǎn) 該句的主干結構是This trend began during the Second World War, when...。when引導定語(yǔ)從句,修飾the Second World War。that the specific...detail是conclusion的同位語(yǔ)從句,在該從句中,主語(yǔ)是 the specific demands of its scientific establishment,that a government wants to make是 demands的定語(yǔ)從句。該定語(yǔ)從句放在其先行詞 demands和 of介詞短語(yǔ)之間,造成句子的割裂。翻譯時(shí),可把被割裂的部分還原。
譯文 這種趨勢始于第二次世界大戰期間,當時(shí)一些國家的政府得出這樣的結論：政府要向科研機構提出的具體要求通常是無(wú)法詳盡預見(jiàn)的。
8. Observations were made of the children at the beginning and at the end of preschool and first grade.
要點(diǎn) 整個(gè)of短語(yǔ)作observations的定語(yǔ),相當于Observations of the children at the beginning and at the end of preschool and first grade were made。因為定語(yǔ)太長(cháng),所以將其置于動(dòng)詞之后,以避免句子頭重腳輕。這樣就造成了句子的割裂,翻譯時(shí)應將被割裂的部分還原。preschool:學(xué)前的。
譯文 人們對孩子們在學(xué)前班和小學(xué)一年級開(kāi)始時(shí)和結束時(shí)的情況都曾進(jìn)行過(guò)觀(guān)察。
9. Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
要點(diǎn) 這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。Whether to...situation是本句的主語(yǔ),depends是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,兩個(gè) upon 后面是賓語(yǔ)。availability在句中是指 測試和信息容易得到或找到 。therefore是副詞,插在depends 和upon...之間,造成它們在結構上的割裂。翻譯時(shí),可把therefore提到句首。
譯文 因此,究竟是采用測試還是其他種類(lèi)的信息,或是在某一特定情況下兩者并用,須憑從有關(guān)相對效度的經(jīng)驗中得出的證據而定,也取決于諸如費用和有無(wú)采用的可能性等因素。
10. I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of having it all , preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the page of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.
要點(diǎn) 該句的主干結構是I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of having it all ...into a woman...。preached by...magazine是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ),作the philosophy of having it all 的定語(yǔ),插在from...into之中,造成了句子的割裂。翻譯時(shí),可把分詞短語(yǔ)譯成一個(gè)分句,其他照原文順序翻譯。
譯文 我從一個(gè) 全力以赴 的生活哲學(xué)--在過(guò)去七年里林達·凱爾西一直在《女性》雜志鼓吹這種生活方式--的積極倡導者,一改而成為隨遇而安的女人。
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