英語(yǔ)閱讀：中國工資水平上漲讓墨西哥受益
Higher Wages In China Give Mexico An Opening
China's rising wages and slowing growth present a chance forMexico to wrest back some of the business that chased cheaplabor across the Pacific in the past decade, when Chinesewages averaged a quarter of Mexican pay.
Mexico may already be a less-expensive place to make an arrayof products for the U.S. market, said Boston Consulting Group, which estimates that China's average manufacturing wage topped Mexico's this year, whenaccounting for differences in productivity. Mexican workers typically produce more per hour thanChinese workers, and the proximity to the U.S. means companies can ship faster and often at alower cost to American customers.
St. Louis-based Viasystems Group Inc., which makes industrial cabinets, shifted some work back toMexico from China in the past year. 'It took our clients a few years to react to rising costs in China. But now they are definitely getting much more interested in making things here,' said HomeroGalindo, head of Viasystems in Mexico.
China still retains enormous advantages, including a billion consumers. As Chinese wages rise, those consumers will have more money to spend on products rather than simply make them forthe rest of the world.
And few expect a wholesale rush back to Mexico. The drug war there scares away new business, and the country has built neither the skilled labor pool nor parts-supply chain to mount a seriouschallenge to China's manufacturing prowess.
But as Chinese wages continue to rise, Mexico looks the best-placed to benefit. Mexico, whichexports more than all the rest of Latin America combined, was the least-expensive place outsidethe U.S. to manufacture for the U.S. market, according to a December 2011 survey by consultingfirm Alix Partners.
Factories along the U.S. border in Mexico can supply American markets more quickly than those inAsia, especially with products that rely on custom designs or the whims of fashion.
Customers who buy a Dell Inc. computer at a big-box retailer get a product made by Foxconn inChina. But shoppers on the company's website can customize their orders─adding, say, morememory or a lotus-pink cover. Those computers are assembled and delivered from a sprawling 1,200-acre Foxconn plant near Ciudad Juárez, which churns out as many as 35,000 laptop anddesktop computers a day. 'We can have a truck on the U.S. side in a few hours,' said FranciscoUranga, Foxconn's head of business development for Mexico.
中國工資水平上漲以及經(jīng)濟增長(cháng)減速為墨西哥帶來(lái)了機遇，可以重新?tīng)幦〉竭^(guò)去10年追逐太平洋彼岸廉價(jià)勞動(dòng)力的部分企業(yè)。彼時(shí)中國平均工資水平只有墨西哥的四分之一。
波士頓咨詢(xún)公司(Boston Consulting Group)說(shuō)，對于美國市場(chǎng)，很多產(chǎn)品在墨西哥的生產(chǎn)成本可能已經(jīng)低于在中國生產(chǎn)的成本。該公司估計，在考慮生產(chǎn)率差異之后，今年中國制造業(yè)平均工資水平超過(guò)了墨西哥。墨西哥工人的單位時(shí)間產(chǎn)量往往高于中國工人，而墨西哥與美國鄰近，這意味著(zhù)企業(yè)向美國客戶(hù)發(fā)貨的速度可以更快，而且費用常常更低。
圣路易斯工業(yè)儲物柜生產(chǎn)商Viasystems Group Inc.在過(guò)去一年將部分工作從中國遷回了墨西哥。該公司駐墨西哥負責人加林多(Homero Galindo)說(shuō)：我們的客戶(hù)用了數年時(shí)間才適應中國成本的上漲，但他們現在對于在墨西哥生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品的興趣肯定是大大提高了。
中國仍然保留著(zhù)很多優(yōu)勢，其中之一是上10億的消費者。隨著(zhù)中國工資水平上漲，這些消費者將有更多的錢(qián)購買(mǎi)產(chǎn)品，而不只是為世界其他國家生產(chǎn)這些產(chǎn)品。
另外也很少有人預計企業(yè)會(huì )大規�；剡w至墨西哥。當地的禁毒戰嚇跑了新的企業(yè)，而熟練勞動(dòng)力或零部件供應鏈的現狀也還不足以對中國的`制造能力構成嚴峻挑戰。
但在中國工資水平繼續上升的過(guò)程中，墨西哥似乎是最有條件受益的國家。墨西哥出口額超過(guò)拉丁美洲其他國家的出口額之和。據咨詢(xún)公司Alix Partners去年12月份一項調查，它是美國以外面向美國市場(chǎng)生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品成本最低的地方。
墨西哥境內沿著(zhù)美墨邊境建成的工廠(chǎng)可以比亞洲工廠(chǎng)更快地向美國市場(chǎng)供應產(chǎn)品，特別是那些依賴(lài)于個(gè)性化設計和時(shí)尚潮流的產(chǎn)品。
在大型超市購買(mǎi)戴爾(Dell Inc.)電腦的消費者，買(mǎi)到的是一件由富士康(Foxconn)在中國生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品。但消費者可以在該公司網(wǎng)站上定制他們的訂單，比如增加內存或采用粉色背殼。這些電腦在墨西哥華雷斯附近一座占地1,200英畝(485.6萬(wàn)平方米)的富士康工廠(chǎng)組裝和發(fā)貨，該廠(chǎng)每天最多生產(chǎn)3.5萬(wàn)臺筆記本電腦和臺式電腦。富士康墨西哥業(yè)務(wù)開(kāi)發(fā)負責人烏蘭加(Francisco Uranga)說(shuō)：我們的卡車(chē)幾個(gè)小時(shí)就可以開(kāi)到美國那邊去。
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