考研英語(yǔ)學(xué)習
201x復習正是強化復習階段，在考研英語(yǔ)中占了40分，所以考研英語(yǔ)閱讀是英語(yǔ)科目中重要的一項。名師老師曾建議過(guò)考研生需要堅持每天泛讀10-15分鐘的英文原刊。強烈推薦了雜志《經(jīng)濟學(xué)人》.雜志中的文章也是考研英語(yǔ)的主要材料來(lái)源.希望考研考生認真閱讀，快速提高考研英語(yǔ)閱讀水平。
Employment in Sub-Saharan Africa 非洲撒哈拉以南地區就業(yè)狀況
Sorry, no vacancies 抱歉，暫無(wú)空缺
Why African firms create so few jobs 為何非洲公司創(chuàng )造的就業(yè)機會(huì )如此之少
AFRICAN businesses are reluctant employers. 非洲企業(yè)均為不愿聘請員工的雇主。
A given firm in Sub-Saharan Africa typically has 24% fewer people on its books thanequivalent firms elsewhere, according to a recent paper from the Centre for GlobalDevelopment, a think-tank based in Washington, DC. 全球發(fā)展中心一份近期的報告顯示，在給定的相同規模條件下，非洲撒哈拉以南地區的公司通常比其他地方的公司在賬面上要少雇傭24%的員工。
Given the links between employment and development, economists want to figure out thereasons for the shortfall. 就業(yè)與增長(cháng)之間的是有所關(guān)聯(lián)的，而在考慮到這一點(diǎn)后經(jīng)濟學(xué)家們都想要弄清楚上述差額產(chǎn)生的原因。
The study calculates the missing jobs by crunching information on 41,000 formal businessesglobally from a World Bank survey. 此次研究使用了來(lái)自世界銀行全球41000家正規企業(yè)的調查資料，統計出了崗位流失情況。
The data capture only a sliver of what actually happens in Africa: nine in ten workers havean informal job. 而這些數據只反映出了零星非洲的真實(shí)情況：事實(shí)上，十個(gè)工人當中有九位是在干著(zhù)非正式的工作。
Shunned by the formal sector, workers turn to below-the-radar employmenttoiling onfamily farms or otherwise beyond the government s reach. 由于被正規部門(mén)所拋棄，工人們轉向了地下就業(yè)市場(chǎng)在家庭農場(chǎng)工作或是進(jìn)入到政府監管之外的領(lǐng)域。
But a big informal sector makes it harder for Africa to reduce poverty, even when economicgrowth is strong. 但一個(gè)龐大的非正規就業(yè)市場(chǎng)，甚至是在經(jīng)濟增長(cháng)強勁的條件下，也會(huì )使得非洲國家難以減少貧困人口。
Increases in income on the production side of the economy translate weakly into higherwages for workers. 國家經(jīng)濟在生產(chǎn)方面的收入增長(cháng)，難以轉化為更高的工人薪資水平。
Indeed the relationship between economic growth and poverty reduction is weaker in Africathan any other developing region. 事實(shí)上，經(jīng)濟增長(cháng)與貧困人口減少之間的聯(lián)系密切程度，在非洲地區的要比其他發(fā)展中地區弱得多。
Several factors explain African bosses reluctance to take on new workers. 以下一些因素能夠去解釋為何非洲的老板們不愿意雇用新工人。
One is that firms tend to be younger than elsewhere, but even older ones have feweremployees. 首先是非洲公司都普遍比其他地區的公司年輕，但即便是老牌公司也雇用很少的員工。
More broadly, Africa s business climate discourages hiring. 更廣泛地說(shuō)，那就是非洲的市場(chǎng)不鼓勵雇用員工。
Government officials in search of taxes and bribes tend to chase large firms, rather thansmall ones, says Vijaya Ramachandran of CGD, because they are considered more likely tocough up. 來(lái)自CGD組織的Vijaya Ramachandran解釋道，渴望稅收和賄賂的政府官員更傾向于對大公司下手而不是小公司，因為他們覺(jué)得大公司更有可能繳稅和賄賂。
The managers of Nigerien and Liberian firms with more than 100 employees spend 14%longer dealing with government officials than smaller peers. 尼日爾和利比里亞當中規模超過(guò)100名員工的公司負責人，要比小規模的同行花費多出14%的時(shí)間去與政府官員打交道。
A recent study from South Africa revealed that bosses there were desperate to dodge theattentions of bureaucrats and thus avoided taking on new workers. 最近一份南非的研究報告揭示，非洲這邊的老板們正迫不及待地想要避開(kāi)政府的關(guān)注，因此他們選擇避免聘請新工人。
High unit labour costs are also culpable. 高昂的單位勞動(dòng)力成本也是其中一個(gè)因素。 Employing people in Africa should be cheap, given that many of its countries haverock-bottom income levels. 鑒于許多非洲國家的國民收入水平都處于底部，這邊的勞動(dòng)力應該是十分低廉的。
Yet in half of African countries labour costs are higher than in China because workers are lessproductive. 然而，由于工人生產(chǎn)力低下，半數非洲國家的勞動(dòng)力成本比中國還要高。
They are nearly 80% higher in Africa than those in other countries at similar levels of income. 與其他收入水平相當的國家相比，非洲的勞動(dòng)力成本要高出約80%。
That lowers competitiveness and makes hiring less likely. 而這不僅降低了國家的競爭力，還令雇傭就業(yè)水平大減。
Economists disagree about the possible causes of this. 對其成因，經(jīng)濟學(xué)家們的觀(guān)點(diǎn)并不一致。
Red tape and unionisation may be responsible, though on average indicators oflabour-market regulation are no different in Africa than elsewhere. 雖然平均來(lái)看勞力市場(chǎng)監管的各項指標顯示非洲與其他地區沒(méi)什么不同，但政府的官僚作風(fēng)和工會(huì )的組織不力有著(zhù)一定的責任。
Nonetheless there are horror stories. 盡管如此，這里還是有可怕的故事。
A 2012 report on South Africa, which lays the blame on greedy unions, calculates that theaverage employee at Eskom, a state-owned electricity utility, earns 40% more in terms ofpurchasing-power parity than a German professor. 一份2012年來(lái)自南非的報告譴責了貪婪的壟斷聯(lián)合團體。該份報告統計了一家國有電力公司Eskom的情況，發(fā)現以購買(mǎi)力平價(jià)計算，該公司平均員工的薪酬水平比德國教授的薪酬水平還要高40%。
Africa s commodity-driven export models may be another cause of low formal employment. 非洲實(shí)體商品出口模式或許是正規就業(yè)市場(chǎng)低迷的另一大因素。
Four-fifths of the continent s export revenues are from commodities. 五分之四的非洲出口利潤是從實(shí)體商品中獲取的。
That can lead to overvalued exchange rates if their prices rise. 如果商品價(jià)格上升，這便會(huì )導致貨幣匯率被高估。
That hurts firms competitiveness, curbs their growth and thus discourages hiring. 而這傷害了公司的競爭力，損害了他們的業(yè)績(jì)增長(cháng)，因此也導致了就業(yè)市場(chǎng)的低迷。
Changing labour-market dynamics could exacerbate the job problem. 動(dòng)蕩的勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)會(huì )加劇就業(yè)問(wèn)題。
Some 250m people are expected to join the African workforce between 2010 and 2050. 有2億5千萬(wàn)人將在2010年至2050年間加入非洲的勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)。
In the short term many will go into farming, which employs 65% of the African labour force. 短期內，許多人將會(huì )投身于農業(yè)耕作當中，而目前這正是非洲65%的勞動(dòng)力的工作內容。
The agricultural sector struggles to create enough jobs. 農業(yè)部門(mén)一直在為創(chuàng )造足夠的新就業(yè)機會(huì )而掙扎。
In the 1990s donors lost interest in using their aid dollars for agricultural investment. 20世紀90年代，捐贈者們已經(jīng)對農業(yè)方面的投資捐助失去了興趣。
Shame: better farming techniques could bring unproductive land into use and help Africashift into higher-value-added crops. 而這正是一個(gè)值得羞愧的事情：更好的農耕技術(shù)能夠讓貧瘠的土地變肥沃，與此同時(shí)，還能幫助非洲轉向生產(chǎn)更高價(jià)值的作物。
According to a report by McKinsey, a consulting firm, that could create 6m extra jobs by2020. 麥肯錫咨詢(xún)公司的報告表示，這樣的技術(shù)將會(huì )在2020年前為非洲創(chuàng )造額外600萬(wàn)個(gè)就業(yè)機會(huì )。
But agricultural improvement can also free up labour to work in more productivesectorsif the jobs are available. 但是，農業(yè)技術(shù)進(jìn)步的同時(shí)也解放了勞動(dòng)力的使用，使得富余勞動(dòng)力能夠往更高產(chǎn)出的部門(mén)流動(dòng)。
Africa is embracing structural reform: a recent report from the World Bank shows that of the20 economies worldwide making the most progress in improving business regulation, nineare in Sub-Saharan Africa. 非洲正在實(shí)現自身的結構性改革：一份世界銀行近期的報告顯示，全球20個(gè)在改進(jìn)商業(yè)法規的方面做得最好的國家當中，有9個(gè)是非洲撒哈拉以南地區的國家。
Without further improvement, employment growth in Africa s formal sector will remaindepressingly stunted. 然而，在沒(méi)有進(jìn)一步改善的情況下，非洲正規部門(mén)的就業(yè)增長(cháng)將依舊呈現出令人失望的受阻態(tài)勢。 詞語(yǔ)解釋
1. according to 根據，按照;據所說(shuō)
According to woz, the two are still friends. 據沃茲的說(shuō)法，兩個(gè)還是好朋友。
They expanded according to need. 他們根據實(shí)際適時(shí)擴大規模。
2. figure out 計算出，解決;弄明白
Solution: figure out why you re indulging in self-sabotage and stop it. 解決方案：想出你沉溺于自我破壞的原因，并停止這種行為。
Her mission was to figure out what where she could make an impact. 她的使命是找出自己能夠施加影響的領(lǐng)域。
3. turn to 轉向,求助于
For evidence that this is possible, turn to sweden. 至于這方面成功的案例，請把目光轉向瑞典。
In previous downturns chinese steelmakers could turn to export markets. 在以往的低迷期，中國鋼鐵制造商可以求助于出口市場(chǎng)。
4. tend to 易于,傾向于
Smaller laptops also tend to have longer battery life. 小巧的電腦也趨向更長(cháng)的電池持續時(shí)間。
Vc firms tend to be smaller partnerships. 風(fēng)投公司往往是規模較小的合伙企業(yè)。
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