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職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)考試綜合類(lèi)語(yǔ)法分析
引導語(yǔ)：為了幫助各位考生更好的備考，下面小編為大家整理精選了職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)考試綜合類(lèi)語(yǔ)法分析，希望能幫助到大家，謝謝您的閱讀。
一、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的句法功能：
一個(gè)典型的句子共有以下五個(gè)基本成分：
主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ) 賓語(yǔ) 定語(yǔ) 狀語(yǔ)
這里要討論的是當英語(yǔ)中的一個(gè)動(dòng)詞處在主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)位置時(shí)怎么處理，即非謂語(yǔ)成分時(shí)怎么處理。
1.主語(yǔ)：
首先，"to do" 和 "-ing"形式具有名詞性，"-ed "不具備名詞性。也就是說(shuō)，"to do" 和 "-ing"可以做主語(yǔ)，例如：
To learn a foreign language is not an easy thing. (= It is not an easy thing to learn English.)
Learning a foreign language is not an easy thing.
問(wèn)題是這兩種表達方式有沒(méi)有區別。語(yǔ)法上沒(méi)有對或錯的區別，因此不是語(yǔ)法考試的重點(diǎn)
一般講，"to do"較具體的行為或狀態(tài)，"-ing"表示較籠統的概念，如"學(xué)習外語(yǔ)對我來(lái)說(shuō)并非易事"一般用"to do"來(lái)表達：To learn a foreign language. is not an easy thing for me. (或：It is not an easy thing for me to learn a foreign language.)
從應試角度講，只要記住下面兩個(gè)特殊句型就可以了：
It is no use (或good) + ing結構，例如：
It is no use quarreling with her. (和她爭吵沒(méi)有用�？荚嚂r(shí)不要選to quarrel with her)
There is no + ing 結構，例如：
There is no denying that women are playing more and more important roles in the world today.(不可否認，在當今世界上，婦女正發(fā)揮越來(lái)越重要的作用。)
There is no joking about this matter. (這事開(kāi)不得玩笑。)
2.賓語(yǔ)
如上所述，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞"to do"或"-ing"當主語(yǔ)時(shí)，沒(méi)有特別的語(yǔ)法要求。但是，當賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，就有一個(gè)用"to do"還是"-ing"的問(wèn)題。大家還記得這個(gè)規定嗎?如果忘了，請復習"第二講"中"五個(gè)基本句型"的"第三句型".這是考試的一個(gè)重點(diǎn)。在以往的職稱(chēng)考試中，此項一般要占2-3道題目。
關(guān)于非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做賓語(yǔ)補足語(yǔ)的問(wèn)題，請復習"第二講"中"五個(gè)基本句型"的"第五句型".
3.定語(yǔ)
也就是做名詞的修飾語(yǔ)。只要牢記本講"非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)意義"一節中的內容，就不難理解非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做定語(yǔ)的問(wèn)題。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做定語(yǔ)，本質(zhì)上是"定語(yǔ)從句"，例如：
Where is the house built last year?
= Where is the house that(或which)was built last year (去年建造的那棟房子哪兒去了?)
Do you see the house being built there ?
= Do you see the house that (或which) is being built there?(看見(jiàn)那邊那棟正在建造的房子了嗎?)
The house to be built next month will be our dorm.
= The house that (或which) will be built (或that is to be built) next month will be our dorm.(下月要建造的那棟房子將是我們的宿舍。)
也就是說(shuō)，只要把握好"時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)"和"語(yǔ)態(tài)(先行詞與動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系)"，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做定語(yǔ)的考試選項比較容易，出題幾率也比較低。
有人可能會(huì )問(wèn)：
I have a letter to write 和I have a letter to be written兩個(gè)句子中的黑體部分都是做"letter"的定語(yǔ)，為什么一個(gè)用主動(dòng)，另一個(gè)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，當動(dòng)詞(write)的行為者就是句子的主語(yǔ)(I)時(shí)，用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。因此，這兩個(gè)句子的內涵是有些區別的。但由于考試形式的局限性，一般不會(huì )考這種區別的。
下面把非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中其他幾個(gè)重要問(wèn)題用實(shí)例說(shuō)明一下：
關(guān)于"不定式"作后置狀語(yǔ)的舉例(注意黑體字部分的表達形式)：
1) She was so angry as to be unable to speak. (她氣得連話(huà)都說(shuō)不出來(lái)了。)
2) I don't know her well enough to ask her for help.(我與她不太熟悉，不便請她幫忙。)
3) She was too angry to say anything.(她氣得什么都說(shuō)不出來(lái)了。)
4) I'm only too glad to help you.
注意與例3)的區別：only too與happy, pleased, glad 等詞使用時(shí)，表示"非常"：我非常愿意幫助你(能幫助你真是太高興了)。
5) We waited in the train for nearly three hours, only to be told that the appointment had been canceled. (only to…表示意想不到的結果：我們在雨中等了近3個(gè)小時(shí)，結果被告知約會(huì )取消了。)
6) To be fair, he has been working very hard recently.(公平地說(shuō)，他最近工作一直非常努力。類(lèi)似的表達方式還有：
to tell the truth(說(shuō)實(shí)話(huà)), to be frank(老實(shí)說(shuō))，to go without saying (不用說(shuō) / 毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)) 等。
關(guān)于分詞做后置狀語(yǔ)的舉例 (注意括號中句子的演變過(guò)程)：
1) She received an E-mail from her brother, saying that her mother was seriously ill. (她收到她兄弟發(fā)來(lái)的一份電子郵件，(郵件上)說(shuō)她母親病得很厲害。= She received an E-mail from her brother, which(= an E-mail)said that her mother was seriously ill)
2) Serious infection may develop in some patients, resulting in death. (有些病人會(huì )發(fā)生嚴重感染，導致死亡。(= Serious infection may develop in some patients, which results in death.)
3) The guests entered the office, accompanied by the manager. (客人在經(jīng)理陪同下走進(jìn)辦公室。 = The guests entered the office, who were accompanied by the manager.)
關(guān)于"動(dòng)詞不定式"的補充說(shuō)明：
1) 前面講到："動(dòng)詞不定式"的完成式表示過(guò)去時(shí)，它常在以下句型中出現：
(主語(yǔ))+ be said / reported / believed / supposed to have (been) done
(主語(yǔ))+ seem to have (been) done
(主語(yǔ))+ be likely to have (been) done
當考試時(shí)看到這樣的句型出現，首先要考慮是否是"動(dòng)詞不定式"的完成式
2) 注意"動(dòng)詞不定式" to與介詞to的區別，即：是to + 動(dòng)詞，還是to + 名詞或動(dòng)名詞(-ing)。"第二講五個(gè)基本句型"中已經(jīng)提到：object to / look forward to / be (get) accustomed (used) to / be subjected to / subject to / be subjected to / be opposed to / agree to等中的to是介詞。
當考試時(shí)看到這樣的表達方式出現，首先要考慮選擇-ing形式(一般不會(huì )給純名詞形式)
關(guān)于on + ing 形式和with (without) + 分詞獨立主格結構
1)on + ing 形式：一般將介詞on + -ing形式理解為"分詞"(要有行為主體)而不是"動(dòng)名詞"，意為 "當…時(shí)"，"一…就…"，相當于when 或as soon as，例如：
On hearing the news, she burst into tears. (一聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息，她一下子哭了起來(lái)。)
錯：On arriving in Beijing, it began to rain heavily. (一到北京，就開(kāi)始下起大雨來(lái)了。)
由于句子的主語(yǔ)it并不是arriving的行為主體，該句語(yǔ)法不成立�？梢愿臑椋�
No sooner had we arrived in Beijing than it began to rain heavily.
2) with (without) + 分詞獨立主格結構
She fell asleep with the lamp burning. (她開(kāi)著(zhù)燈誰(shuí)著(zhù)了。)
Almost every day the kids returned home with their hands and faces covered with mud and sweat.(孩子們幾乎每天回家時(shí)手上臉上都是泥和汗。)
當這樣的獨立主格結構中的動(dòng)詞為 "be" 動(dòng)詞時(shí)，往往省略，例如：
Every day the old teacher entered the classroom, with a poor bag under his arm. (每天，這位老教師夾著(zhù)個(gè)破包走進(jìn)教室。= with a poor bag being under his arm)
關(guān)于-ing和-ed形容詞
當一個(gè)動(dòng)詞后面加上-ing或-ed就可以是一個(gè)形容詞，其基本概念還是-ing為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，-ed為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，例如：a sleeping child (一個(gè)正在睡覺(jué)的孩子)，a wounded soldier (一個(gè)受傷的戰士) .
一些帶有感情色彩的動(dòng)詞，由于人的感情是"被刺激"后產(chǎn)生的，故一般用-ed形式，而外界的刺激物則用-ing形式，例如：I was moved deeply; the film was really moving. (我深受感動(dòng);這部電影真是感人。)
the + 形容詞(包括-ed形容詞)→ 名詞(可以是單數，也可以是復數), 例如：
the wounded (傷員)/ the disabled(殘疾人)
關(guān)于現在分詞和動(dòng)名詞
如前所述，現代語(yǔ)法并不強調現在分詞和動(dòng)名詞的區別，建議學(xué)生"忘掉"動(dòng)名詞，特別是應試。但記住下面的規定：
She regrets ______ idle when (she was) young. (她后悔年輕時(shí)無(wú)所事事。)
A. to have been
B. her being
C. her having being
D. having been
解題思路：1)regret后一般接ing形式，除非regret to tell / say, 故A不能選;2)當動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)一致時(shí)，不要再加邏輯主語(yǔ)了，故正確答案為D，比較：Tom insisted on my going with him. (Tom堅持要我和他一起去。)
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞講了這么多內容，解題時(shí)始終不忘：
1) 分清過(guò)去、現在和將來(lái);
2) 分清主動(dòng)與被動(dòng);
3) 動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式表示過(guò)去時(shí);
4) 見(jiàn)"for"要用完成式;
5) 否定式not要放在to / -ing / -ed的前面
只要記住以上要點(diǎn)，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的解題就不會(huì )出大的問(wèn)題。
二. 動(dòng)詞
從一定意義上講，英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法就是動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)法，因此，掌握動(dòng)詞的特性、變化、句型是學(xué)習英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的重中之重。為了能更好地理解下面的講課內容，首先要搞清動(dòng)詞的幾個(gè)基本概念。
1) be 動(dòng)詞和do動(dòng)詞：be動(dòng)詞也稱(chēng)狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞，用于說(shuō)明狀態(tài)或性質(zhì)，主要用于構成英語(yǔ)的主系表句型;do動(dòng)詞也稱(chēng)為行為動(dòng)詞，分及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞;
2) 及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞：不及物動(dòng)詞后面不跟賓語(yǔ), 也沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài); 及物動(dòng)詞后面一定要有賓語(yǔ);
3) 雙賓語(yǔ)(直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ))結構和復合賓語(yǔ)(賓語(yǔ) + 賓語(yǔ)補足語(yǔ))結構：比較下面兩個(gè)句子：
My mother made me a cake.(母親給我做了塊蛋糕。)
My father made me a doctor. (父親把我培養成一名醫生。)
第一句是雙賓語(yǔ)結構，即 My mother made a cake for me.
第二句是復合賓語(yǔ)結構，其句法功能為：My father made me (to) be a doctor (I am a doctor). 說(shuō)明復合賓語(yǔ)結構中，賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補足語(yǔ)之間有"主謂關(guān)系".
4) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：must, should, ought to, can, may, need, used to 等動(dòng)詞稱(chēng)為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，有三大特征：A. 不受主語(yǔ)人稱(chēng)和數的影響，如：He may go now. / May I go now? 句中may的形式不變;B. 否定時(shí)在后面加not, 如：You ought not to have cheated her. C. 與另一動(dòng)詞連用，中間不用 + " to ", 如上舉例。
請根據上述原則，(從語(yǔ)法角度)說(shuō)出以下那種表達方式是對的：
A. She needs to see a doctor.
B. She doesn't need to see a doctor.
C. Does she need to see a doctor?
D. She needs not see a doctor.
E. She needn't see a doctor.
F. She doesn't need see a doctor.
G. She needs see a doctor.
從語(yǔ)法角度看，A、B、C、E是對的。
5) 助動(dòng)詞：幫助實(shí)意動(dòng)詞構成某種結構的詞，如: He did come yesterday; I saw him in the office.(他昨天確實(shí)來(lái)了;我在辦公室見(jiàn)到他的。—— 表示強調)
三. 五個(gè)基本句型
根據動(dòng)詞的特性，構成英語(yǔ)中五個(gè)基本句型：
1) 主語(yǔ) + 系動(dòng)詞 + 表語(yǔ)
2) 主語(yǔ) + 不及物動(dòng)詞 (+ 其他成分)
3) 主語(yǔ) + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 賓語(yǔ)
4) 主語(yǔ) + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 雙賓語(yǔ)
5) 主語(yǔ) + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 賓語(yǔ) + 賓語(yǔ)補足語(yǔ)
我們在學(xué)習5個(gè)基本句型時(shí)，主要關(guān)心每個(gè)句型中的出題點(diǎn)在哪里。
(一)第一句型：主語(yǔ) + 系動(dòng)詞 + 表語(yǔ)
1) 系動(dòng)詞一般為be 動(dòng)詞。
注意：look, feel, sound, smell, taste, get, become, come, go, turn, grow, keep, seem, stand等詞可以作"半系動(dòng)詞"用，按行為動(dòng)詞方式變化，起系動(dòng)詞的作用。
試驗比較：
—— He felt the pockets thoroughly but did not find a single penny.(他摸遍了口袋但沒(méi)有找到一分錢(qián)。—— feel為行為動(dòng)詞)
—— You look pale. Do you feel unwell? (你臉色蒼白，感到不舒服?—— look / feel為系動(dòng)詞)
一般來(lái)說(shuō)，動(dòng)詞后面跟的是個(gè)形容詞或名詞，該動(dòng)詞為系動(dòng)詞， 如：The plan sounds perfect. / The flower smells nice. / The dish tastes delicious. / It is getting dark.
實(shí)例：
"Don't worry. Let me take your pulse first." "Oh, it ______ normal." (脈搏正常)
A. is felt
B. is feeling
C. feels
D. felt
解題思路：normal為形容詞，前面應為系動(dòng)詞;系動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，故A不對; look, feel, sound, taste, smell, seem等半系動(dòng)詞一般不用進(jìn)行時(shí)，B也不對;D時(shí)態(tài)錯了，故正確答案為C.
2)there be是英語(yǔ)中非常重要的一個(gè)句型： there是引導詞，不解釋 "那里"; 這是個(gè)倒裝句, 主語(yǔ)在be動(dòng)詞的后面, be動(dòng)詞的單復數由后面的主語(yǔ)決定。
注意中國學(xué)生容易搞錯的問(wèn)題：
There isn't enough furniture in the room.(房間里家具不夠)
錯：There hasn't enough furniture in the room.
There is no doubt that smallpox has been wiped out in China.(毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，中國已消滅天花。)
錯：It is no doubt that smallpox has been wiped out in China.
There is ample evidence that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia. (充分證據表明，愛(ài)滋病正在亞洲迅速蔓延。—— 同位語(yǔ)從句)
錯：It is evidence that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia. (可以： It is evident that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia. - 主語(yǔ)從句)
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