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新sat寫(xiě)作技巧
寫(xiě)作是人類(lèi)活動(dòng)，通常運用語(yǔ)言文字符號以記述的方式反映事物、表達思想感情、傳遞知識信息、實(shí)現交流溝通的創(chuàng )造性腦力勞動(dòng)過(guò)程。下面是小編收集整理的新sat寫(xiě)作技巧，供大家參考借鑒，希望可以幫助到有需要的朋友。
新Sat寫(xiě)作標準：
2016sat發(fā)生的重大改革，新的SAT的作文變化蠻大的，基本信息如下：
1.時(shí)長(cháng)50分鐘
2.寫(xiě)作內容基于所給文章
3.不需自己的觀(guān)點(diǎn)
作文部分有三個(gè)分數，分別是Reading,Analysis,Writing，也就是“有沒(méi)有掌握中心思想”、“對作者論證過(guò)程、表達方式的分析”和“英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作清晰度、準確度”。
每個(gè)部分拿6分是基礎，7分不錯，8分滿(mǎn)。
新Sat拿高分的技巧：
一、手速
雖然 Essay部分時(shí)間有50分鐘，但是其中包括閱讀、構思和寫(xiě)作時(shí)間，所以也是蠻緊張的。而且作文長(cháng)度對分數多多少少還是有些影響的。作文一共有兩張紙，也就是四頁(yè)，建議長(cháng)度方面“保三爭四”，因為得8/8/8這次長(cháng)度是3頁(yè)半，而且College Board提供的滿(mǎn)分范文長(cháng)度也近似。注意了，說(shuō)的是長(cháng)度，不是字數。大家把字寫(xiě)大一點(diǎn)，詞與詞間隔多一點(diǎn)，作文就自動(dòng)變長(cháng)了。
二、套路
之前說(shuō)了，寫(xiě)作速度很重要，而套路能幫助我們有目標地閱讀、省去“構思”時(shí)間、加快寫(xiě)作速度。
套路一：表?yè)P作者
新SAT要我們寫(xiě)所給文章的作者，是怎么通過(guò)這樣那樣的方式證明自己的觀(guān)點(diǎn)/說(shuō)服讀者聽(tīng)眾的。
比如說(shuō)文章內容是：“喝酒傷身所以應該收稅”，那作文就不要寫(xiě)“我覺(jué)得喝酒不傷身”、“收稅也沒(méi)用”、“我覺(jué)得喝酒確實(shí)傷身”等等個(gè)人觀(guān)點(diǎn)，而是寫(xiě)“作者論證得真好&為什么論證得好”。
所以，可以用一些自帶評論和表?yè)P詞匯句式：
“John effectively builds his argumentthat…”
“John skillfully develops his point that…”
套路二：找到并評論三方面
提高Essay這部分的效率，需要我們有備而來(lái)。
1.Example and evidence & line of reasoning.
1)觀(guān)點(diǎn)+例子/數據
這種是最簡(jiǎn)單的也基本上會(huì )出現的。直接寫(xiě)”In paragraph X,John’s argument that…is supported byconcrete evidence xxx…..”
“Also,John’s proposal is backed up by similar/famous casestudies from…demonstrating the feasibility of his resolution.”
2)開(kāi)頭舉例子/列數據
有些文章觀(guān)點(diǎn)還沒(méi)講，就排了一堆examples/facts/statistics。這種CJ基本直接歸到“作者見(jiàn)多識廣底蘊深厚值得信任”一欄。
“A series of major compromises in history are listed at thebeginning of the passage to inform the audience of relevant background…”
“Knowledge of key events in the past brings credibility toJohn’s discussion of…”
“The description of the accident from an insider’s angle atthe beginning of the passage establishes John’s authority on…”
3) Line of reasoning
這個(gè)基本上是總結作者論證邏輯+邏輯如何流暢、總體多全面、論證多有力。
“After the main argument,John acknowledges the oppositeviews that…,then reinforces his point that… by pointing out the shortcomingsof…”
這里容易犯的一個(gè)錯誤就是，我們容易總結完“作者寫(xiě)了這個(gè)那個(gè)這個(gè)”之后就收筆了。這樣的話(huà)，就完全沒(méi)有evaluate作者的寫(xiě)作邏輯。最重要的就是總結后的評價(jià)，也就是“好在哪里”。
2.Vivid/Stylistic Language
這個(gè)點(diǎn)一定可以用，因為被拿出來(lái)當閱讀文章的作者文筆肯定不會(huì )差。
不同文章會(huì )有不同的修辭手法，重點(diǎn)還是在找出修辭手法后，要寫(xiě)其“好在哪里”，是 “to impress the audience by drawing a vivid picture of theaftermath of…”，還是 “using parallelism to create tension,allowing the audience to feelthe urgency of…”。這些 evaluation才是提分的重點(diǎn)。
3.Appeal to the audience’semotion/sense of responsibility
Persuasive speech/article 一般的一個(gè)目的是 “call foraction”，而方法無(wú)外乎挑起群眾的激情或責任感。
1)Appeal to emotion(常出現)
Fear：如果這么做/不這么做就會(huì )發(fā)生不好的事;描述一種災難的普遍性或必然性(疾病傳播速度、歷史進(jìn)程中和平和戰爭的規律…)。
總之，make the audience realize that we are vulnerable,so in order tosurvive,we must (well,listen to the speaker)…/we will head into chaos anddestruction unless we (well,listen to the speaker).
Pity: 這個(gè)比較簡(jiǎn)單，就是作者一般會(huì )描述一個(gè)很慘的故事或者場(chǎng)景，讓人們心生不忍，于是受感召有所作為。
Guilt: 這個(gè)和pity有些不同在于，pity是他很慘，但與我無(wú)關(guān);guilt是他很慘，正因為我。比如說(shuō)描述“日系車(chē)主被砸臥床五年，就是因為群眾不理智愛(ài)國”，讓人們良心受譴，以后拒絕沖動(dòng)。
2)Appeal to a sense ofresponsibility
這個(gè)基本上是“世界會(huì )很美好，如果我們這樣做”，或者“世界會(huì )很糟糕，如果我們不這樣做”。
標志有：
“the future of the country/people/children…”
“we are in this together…/xxx is one of us…”
還有就是，當作者突然開(kāi)始用 “you” 來(lái)address audience的時(shí)候，很可能就是 “talking directly to the audience,reminding them that everyonelistening/reading has an inescapable duty to fulfill”
套路三：格式 第一段三句話(huà)
聽(tīng)說(shuō)寫(xiě)作有的時(shí)候憑一種感覺(jué)，感覺(jué)好了便寫(xiě)得十分流暢，感覺(jué)不在便寫(xiě)得十分艱難。那么，一個(gè)信手拈來(lái)的第一段，就格外重要。
第一句：情懷
Essay通篇都是客觀(guān)的評價(jià)，但評卷人讀那么多份難免有些枯燥，所以CJ開(kāi)頭會(huì )放一句非評價(jià)、貌似深刻的話(huà)，試圖吸引評卷人注意建立好感。
比如一篇講“遵循歷史發(fā)展世界又要打仗了但是我們還要追求和平”的文，CJ第一句話(huà)會(huì )寫(xiě)： “War ends because we stop fighting,but peace lasts because wenever give up fighting for it.”
將讀者的main message用自己的話(huà)說(shuō)出來(lái)，能讓考官從第一句話(huà)就覺(jué)得“這篇文章，學(xué)生看懂了”，還能多蹭點(diǎn)字數。
或者一篇講“工業(yè)革命的后果”、偏論證的文章，第一句可以寫(xiě) “Men have manufactured their own apocalypse.”總之，不要多想，直接憑讀完文章的大體感覺(jué)寫(xiě)一句話(huà)就好。
第二句：作者出處
閱讀文章開(kāi)頭都會(huì )給作者姓名、speech/published article的時(shí)間地點(diǎn)場(chǎng)合。所以第二句話(huà)就是：
“President Bush/Professor Schneider/John Wayne spoke to (audience type) at(place/occasion) on (date),addressing the issue of …”
“In the New York TimesIssue x,published on 19xx xx xx,Tom Phillips discusses the situation in…”
第三句話(huà)：概括文章論點(diǎn)、概述寫(xiě)作手法
“Phillips effectively builds and presentshis argument that… by providing evidence and examples,using vivid language,and appealing to the audience’s sense of responsibility.”
以上三句話(huà)寫(xiě)好，基本上一個(gè)漂亮的introduction就完成了。之后三個(gè)寫(xiě)作手法(evidence,language,appeal to xxx)一個(gè)一段就可以了。
下面分享一篇新Sat要求分析的范文：
At my familys cabin on a Minnesota lake,I knew woods so dark that my hands disappeared before my eyes.I knew night skies in which meteors left smoky trails across sugary spreads of stars.But now,when 8 of 10 children born in the United States will never know a sky dark enough for the Milky Way,I worry we are rapidly losing nights natural darkness before realizing its worth.This winter solstice,as we cheer the days gradual movement back toward light,let us also remember the irreplaceable value of darkness.
All life evolved to the steady rhythm of bright days and dark nights.Today,though,when we feel the closeness of nightfall,we reach quickly for a light switch.And too little darkness,meaning too much artificial light at night,spells trouble for all.
Already the World Health Organization classifies working the night shift as a probable human carcinogen,and the American Medical Association has voiced its unanimous support for "light pollution reduction efforts and glare reduction efforts at both the national and state levels." Our bodies need darkness to produce the hormone melatonin,which keeps certain cancers from developing,and our bodies need darkness for sleep.Sleep disorders have been linked to diabetes,obesity,cardiovascular disease and depression,and recent research suggests one main cause of "short sleep" is "long light." Whether we work at night or simply take our tablets,notebooks and smartphones to bed,there isn’t a place for this much artificial light in our lives.
The rest of the world depends on darkness as well,including nocturnal and crepuscular species of birds,insects,mammals,fish and reptiles.Some examples are well known—the 400 species of birds that migrate at night in North America,the sea turtles that come ashore to lay their eggs—and some are not,such as the bats that save American farmers billions in pest control and the moths that pollinate 80% of the world’s flora.Ecological light pollution is like the bulldozer of the night,wrecking habitat and disrupting ecosystems several billion years in the making.Simply put,without darkness,Earth’s ecology would collapse.
In today’s crowded,louder,more fast-paced world,night’s darkness can provide solitude,quiet and stillness,qualities increasingly in short supply.Every religious tradition has considered darkness invaluable for a soulful life,and the chance to witness the universe has inspired artists,philosophers and everyday stargazers since time began.In a world awash with electric light...how would Van Gogh have given the world his “Starry Night”? Who knows what this vision of the night sky might inspire in each of us,in our children or grandchildren?
Yet all over the world,our nights are growing brighter.In the United States and Western Europe,the amount of light in the sky increases an average of about 6% every year.Computer images of the United States at night,based on NASA photographs,show that what was a very dark country as recently as the 1950s is now nearly covered with a blanket of light.Much of this light is wasted energy,which means wasted dollars.Those of us over 35 are perhaps among the last generation to have known truly dark nights.Even the northern lake where I was lucky to spend my summers has seen its darkness diminish.
It doesn’t have to be this way.Light pollution is readily within our ability to solve,using new lighting technologies and shielding existing lights.Already,many cities and towns across North America and Europe are changing to LED streetlights,which offer dramatic possibilities for controlling wasted light.Other communities are finding success with simply turning off portions of their public lighting after midnight.Even Paris,the famed “city of light,” which already turns off its monument lighting after 1 a.m.,will this summer start to require its shops,offices and public buildings to turn off lights after 2 a.m.Though primarily designed to save energy,such reductions in light will also go far in addressing light pollution.But we will never truly address the problem of light pollution until we become aware of the irreplaceable value and beauty of the darkness we are losing.
這篇文章通過(guò)自己過(guò)去的經(jīng)歷與現在孩子的遺憾進(jìn)行對比紀念了夜美好，指出所有生物在演化的過(guò)程早已習慣了晝夜交替的規律。闡述了夜的重要性以及沒(méi)有黑夜可能帶來(lái)的危害。
相關(guān)資料：
新SAT寫(xiě)作盡管為選考，但是很多常春藤院校還是對寫(xiě)作成績(jì)做出了要求。換言之，參加并合理備考新SAT考試是大多數學(xué)生的理性選擇。新SAT寫(xiě)作要求考生在50分鐘內閱讀并分析一篇文章，那么我們在平時(shí)的練習中，該如何備考新SAT寫(xiě)作呢？以下是一些備考小貼士，需要大家有意識的在平時(shí)的練習中進(jìn)行訓練。
我們備考的最大最直接的依據就是prompt的提示，盡管文章每次考試都在變換，但是prompt是保持不變的，因此，我們在原文做標記的時(shí)候，就要充分利用prompt給我們的提示，在原文圈圈點(diǎn)點(diǎn)的筆記的時(shí)候應該把重點(diǎn)放在以下方面：
evidence to support claims (e.g.,cited data or statistics,or authoritative sources that support the author’s argument)
reasoning to develop ideas and make connections (e.g.,the author explains his logic for using a specific piece of evidence to support a specific claim)
stylistic or persuasive elements to add power to the ideas expressed (e.g.,using figurative language,irony,metaphor,and other elements to appeal to emotions)
首先，在讀文章的時(shí)候，務(wù)必記得做筆記，尤其注意以下幾點(diǎn)，這幾點(diǎn)也是prompt中給出的幾點(diǎn)：作者如何運用evidence來(lái)支撐觀(guān)點(diǎn)；作者如何用reasoning來(lái)發(fā)展觀(guān)點(diǎn)、連接claim和evidence的；作者如何運用stylistic or persuasive elements來(lái)增加觀(guān)點(diǎn)的可靠性和說(shuō)服力。
除了在文章的邊邊角角寫(xiě)注釋?zhuān)覀兘ㄗh考生養成圈圈點(diǎn)點(diǎn)的習慣，比如可以用下劃線(xiàn)或畫(huà)圈來(lái)標注以下重點(diǎn)：一是中心觀(guān)點(diǎn)；二是重要的細節；三是標記出事實(shí)和觀(guān)點(diǎn)；四是找出文章中的evidence，用于之后的直接引用或同義轉述。
其次，寫(xiě)出文章的outline，并思考如何在文章中體現中心點(diǎn)和分論點(diǎn)。這一步比較重要，而且outline會(huì )幫助我們節省時(shí)間，理清思路，以避免不必要的改寫(xiě)和重寫(xiě)。如果第一步中對文章有效進(jìn)行了標注，那么在本部分寫(xiě)大綱的時(shí)候就會(huì )更加有組織、有條理。
第三步就是寫(xiě)文章，把寫(xiě)好的outline填充evidence并擴展為一篇文章。注意文章的連貫性。正如張執遠老師在授課中一直強調的，在introductory paragraph中需要有一個(gè)topic sentence、3個(gè)能細化論證的論點(diǎn)作為thesis statement,根據thesis statement進(jìn)而將文章發(fā)展為3-5個(gè)支撐的body paragraph.另外注意句式結構的多樣性。
最后，檢查潤色，看是否有語(yǔ)法、拼寫(xiě)、表達上的錯誤。雖然幾個(gè)語(yǔ)法和拼寫(xiě)錯誤不會(huì )對SAT essay部分的分數影響特別大，但利用幾分鐘的時(shí)間來(lái)重新檢查還是可以幫助我們避免不少不必要的錯誤。
以上就是致贏(yíng)SAT張執遠老師為大家帶來(lái)的新SAT解讀。祝大家在2016希望大家好好準備，為自己的新SAT考試加油！
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