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小升初必備語(yǔ)法之比較since和for
Since 用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間，for用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作延續時(shí)間長(cháng)度。
I have lived here for more than twenty years.
I have lived here since I was born..
My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.
Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976.
I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl.
My brother has been in the Youth League for two years.
I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.
注意：并非有for 作為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的句子都用現在完成時(shí)。
I worked here for more than twenty years.
(我現在已不在這里工作。)
I have worked here for many years.
(現在我仍在這里工作。)
小竅門(mén)： 當現在完成時(shí)+一段時(shí)間，這一結構中，我們用下面的公式轉化，很容易就能排除非延續動(dòng)詞在完成時(shí)中的誤使。
1) (對) Tom has studied Russian for three years.
= Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2) (錯) Harry has got married for six years.
= Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
顯然，第二句不對，它應改為 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法經(jīng)典例題800例：非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（例題1）
【導語(yǔ)】英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法讓很多學(xué)生都頭疼，因為復雜難懂的句式和詞組有時(shí)難以記憶。為大家整理了英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全，希望對同學(xué)們的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法學(xué)習有所幫助。更多內容盡在。
1. Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could _______ a good college.
A. enter B. to enter
C. entering D. entered
【陷阱】容易誤選A。有的同學(xué)一看到空格前的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could 就斷定此處應填動(dòng)詞原形 enter。
【分析】其實(shí)正確答案應是B。此句為省略句，即在 could 后省略了動(dòng)詞 do，若把句子補完整應為Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could do to enter a good college。即句中的不定式短語(yǔ)(to enter a good college)是用作目的狀語(yǔ)的，而不是與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(could)一起構成謂語(yǔ)。請再看類(lèi)似例句：
(1) They did what they could to comfort her. 他們盡量安慰她。
(2) They did everything they could to save her life. 他們盡一切力量拯救她的性命。
(3) He studies as hard as he could to catch up with his classmates. 他拼命學(xué)習以便趕上他的同學(xué)。
值得指出的是，這也并不是說(shuō)今后只要遇到類(lèi)似結構的題就一定選帶to不定式。請看以下試題：
(4) He ran as fast as he could _____ to catch the early bus.
A. to hope B. hope
C. hoping D. hoped
此題的答案是 C不是A，其中的現在分詞短語(yǔ) hoping to catch the early bus 用作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。
(5) He spent every minute he could _____ spoken English.
A. practise B. to practise
C. practising D. practised
此題答案選 C，這與前面動(dòng)詞 spent 的搭配有關(guān)，即 spend … (in) doing sth。若將此句補充完整，即為 He spent every minute he could spend in practising spoken English.
(6) Before going abroad he devoted all he could ____D____ his oral English.
A. improve B. to improve
C. improving D. to improving
此題答案選D，注意兩點(diǎn)：一是 devote … to … 是固定搭配，意為“把……貢獻給……”;二是其中的 to 是介詞，不是不定式符號，后接動(dòng)詞時(shí)要用動(dòng)名詞。
2. He knows nothing about it, so he can’t help _______ any of your work.
A. doing B. to do
C. being doing D. to be done
【陷阱】容易誤選B，根據 can’t help doing sth 這一結構推出。
【分析】其實(shí)答案應選A。比較以下結構：
can’t help to do sth = 不能幫助做某事
can’t help doing sth = 禁不住做某事，情不自禁地做某事
又如下面一題，答案也是 B：
She can’t help ____ the house because she’s busy making a cake.
A cleaning B. to clean
C. cleaned D. being cleaned
再請看以下試題：
While shopping, people sometimes can’t help _____ into buying something they don’t really need.
A. to persuade B. persuading
C. being persuaded D. be persuaded
此題應選C，句中的 can’t help 意為“禁不住”(注意根據句意用被動(dòng)形式)。
3. All her time _______ experiments, she has no time for films.
A. devoted to do B. devoted to doing
C. devoting to doing D. is devoted to doing
【陷阱】幾個(gè)干擾項均有可能誤選。
【分析】此題最佳答案為B�，F分析如下：
(1) devote 意為“致力于，獻身于”，主要用 devote…to…或be devoted to，其中的to 是介詞，不是不定式符號，故后接動(dòng)詞時(shí)要用動(dòng)名詞，不用不定式。
(2) 選A錯誤：若將 do 改為 doing 則可以。
(3) 選B正確：all her time devoted to doing experiments為獨立主格結構，用作狀語(yǔ)。
(4) 選C錯誤：因為all her time 與 devote 為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故應將devoting改為devoted。
(5) 選D錯誤：若單獨看 All her time is devoted to doing experiments，此句并沒(méi)有錯，但問(wèn)題是逗號前后兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句沒(méi)有必要的連接方式，所以從整體上看仍不對，假若在后一句的句首加上and或so，則可選D，或將D將中的is 改為 being也可選它。
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法經(jīng)典例題800例：虛擬語(yǔ)氣（例題）
【導語(yǔ)】英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法讓很多學(xué)生都頭疼，因為復雜難懂的句式和詞組有時(shí)難以記憶。為大家整理了英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全，希望對同學(xué)們的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法學(xué)習有所幫助。更多內容盡在。
1. I forget where I read the article, or I _____ it to you now.
A. will show B. would show
C. am going to show D. am showing
【陷阱】幾個(gè)干擾項均有可能誤選。
【分析】正確答案選B。根據上文的語(yǔ)境可知句中的 or 隱含有一個(gè)虛擬的條件，即 or=if I didn’t forget where I read the article(要是我沒(méi)忘記我在哪兒讀過(guò)這篇文章的話(huà)——但事實(shí)上忘了)。
2. “It looks as if he were drunk.” “So it does. _____.”
A. He’d better give up drinking
B. He shouldn’t have drunk so much
C. Health is more important than drink
D. I wonder why he is always doing so
【陷阱】幾個(gè)干擾項均有可能誤選，主要是受句中 drunk 一詞的影響。
【分析】最佳答案為D。關(guān)鍵信息是It looks as if he were drunk 中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，句子既然用了虛擬語(yǔ)氣，也就是說(shuō)，“他喝醉了”不是事實(shí)，只是他的言行好像是醉了，所以此題的最佳答案是D。
3. “Mary looks hot and dry” “So _____ you if you had so high a fever.”
A. do B. are
C. will D. would
【陷阱】容易誤選A或C。選A者，認為前后兩句的動(dòng)詞性質(zhì)應一致;選C者，認為其后帶有if 條件狀語(yǔ)從句，從語(yǔ)氣上看，主句應用將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。
【分析】此題最佳答案為D。分析如下：
(1) “so + 助動(dòng)詞 + 主語(yǔ)”是一個(gè)很有用的結構，它表示“……也一樣”時(shí)。如：
He likes to watch TV, and so do I. 他喜歡看電視，我也一樣。
When animals and plants disappear, so will man. 當動(dòng)植物消失的時(shí)候，人類(lèi)也會(huì )隨之消失。
(2) 由于空格后的 if 條件狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)用的是虛擬語(yǔ)氣(這是很重要的信息)，所以主句要用 would 而不用 will，即答案應選D。
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法經(jīng)典例題800例：強調句（例題）
【導語(yǔ)】英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法讓很多學(xué)生都頭疼，因為復雜難懂的句式和詞組有時(shí)難以記憶。為大家整理了英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全，希望對同學(xué)們的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法學(xué)習有所幫助。更多內容盡在。
1. ____ that caused him to serve dinner an hour later than usual.
A. It was we being late B. It was our being late
C. It was we were too late D. It was because we were late
【陷阱】此題容易誤選D，認為強調的是原因狀語(yǔ)從句 because we were late。
【分析】但實(shí)際上，此題的答案為B，強調的是句子主語(yǔ) our being late，此題若還原成非強調句，即為：
Our being late caused him to serve dinner an hour later than usual.
注意，強調句的一個(gè)顯著(zhù)特點(diǎn)是，若去掉強調結構 it is [was]… that…，句子仍然成立;換句話(huà)說(shuō)，該結構中的 that 不能充當句子成分。
2. “How was ______ they discovered the entrance to the underground palace?” “Totally by chance.”
A. it that B. he that
C. it when D. he which
【陷阱】幾個(gè)干擾項均可能誤選。
【分析】答案選A，為強調句的特殊疑問(wèn)句形式，其相應的陳述句形式為：
It was totally by chance that they discovered the entrance to the underground palace.
比較以下各題，它們也屬強調句的特殊疑問(wèn)句形式：
(1) Who was it _____ saved the drowning girl?
A. since B. as C. that D. he
答案選C，被強調成分為 who，該句實(shí)為類(lèi)似 It was Tom that saved the drowning girl. 這類(lèi)強調句的特殊疑問(wèn)句形式(即對其中的Tom 提問(wèn)而得)。
(2) What is it _____ his daughter needs most?
A. what B. which C. that D. if
答案選C，被強調成分為 what，該句實(shí)為類(lèi)似 It is a bike that his daughter needs most. 這類(lèi)強調句的特殊疑問(wèn)句形式(即對其中的a bike 提問(wèn)而得)。
3. _____ was very ______ that little Jim wrote the letter.
A. It, careful B. It, carefully
C. He, careful D. He, carefully
【陷阱】幾個(gè)干擾項均有可能誤選，但最有可能誤選的可能是A，認為這是一個(gè)普通的系表結構，即認為第二空要填形容詞作表語(yǔ)。
【分析】其實(shí)，此題是一個(gè)強調句，其非強調形式為 Little Jim wrote the letter very carefully. 若用 it is … that… 的強調句式強調其中的狀語(yǔ) very carefully 即為上面一題的題干，所以答案應選B。請看下面幾例，也屬強調結構：
(1) It was when she was about to go to bed ______ the telephone rang.
A. since B. as C. that D. then
答案選C，被強調成分為 when she was about to go to bed 這一時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。
(2) It may have been at Christmas _____ John gave Mary a handbag.
A. before B. who C. that D. when
答案選C，被強調成分為 at Christmas，其中的動(dòng)詞 be 采用了 may have been 這一較為復雜的形式。
4. “Where did you find the professor who made the speech yesterday?” “It was in the hall ______ the students
often have a meeting.”
A. where B. which
C. that D. when
【陷阱】很可能誤選C，認為這是一個(gè)強調句，強調地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ) in the hall。
【分析】假若選C，即有 It was in the hall that the students often have a meeting，該句的意思是“學(xué)生們通常是在
大廳開(kāi)會(huì )”，單獨看這一句，無(wú)論是其意思還是其語(yǔ)法均未錯，但若將其與上文聯(lián)系起來(lái)看，則不通，因為上文的意思是“你是在
哪兒找到昨天作報告的那位教授的?”假若將答句改為 It was in the hall that I found the professor，則完全可以。
其實(shí)，此題的最佳答案是A，where the students often have a meeting 為定語(yǔ)從句，用以修飾其前的名詞 the hall，句意
為“是在學(xué)生們經(jīng)常開(kāi)會(huì )的那個(gè)大廳(找到教授的)”，這樣語(yǔ)意就通順了。
5. It was what he meant rather than what he said ______ annoyed me.
A. which B. as
C. what D. that
【陷阱】幾個(gè)干擾項均有可能誤選。
【分析】此題為一個(gè)強調句型，空格處應填 that (即選D)，被強調成分為 what he meant rather than what he said。句意
為“讓我生氣的不是他說(shuō)的話(huà)，而是他話(huà)中的意思”。請再看兩例：
(1) It was his nervousness in the interview ______ probably lost him the job.
A. which B. since C. that D. what
答案選C，為強調句型，被強調成分為 his nervousness in the interview，句意為“很可能是面試時(shí)表現出緊張，使他失去
了這份工作”。
(2) It is the ability to do the job ______ matters not where you come from or what you are.
A. one B. that C. what D. it
答案選B，為強調句型，被強調成分為 the ability to do the job，句意為“重要的是你做工作的能力，而不是你來(lái)自何地
或你是從事什么工作的”。
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全經(jīng)典例題800例：名詞性從句（例題）
【導語(yǔ)】英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法讓很多學(xué)生都頭疼，因為復雜難懂的句式和詞組有時(shí)難以記憶。為大家整理了英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全，希望對同學(xué)們的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法學(xué)習有所幫助。更多內容盡在。
◆典型陷阱題分析◆
1. She was so angry and spoke so fast that none of us understood _______ he said meant.
A. that B. what
C. that that D. what what
【陷阱】可能誤選B。許多同學(xué)一看選項首先就排除了C和D，認為這樣兩個(gè)“引導詞”疊用的情況不太可能。在A(yíng)和B兩個(gè)選項中，選項A肯定不行，因為它引導賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)不能充當句子成分，所以便選擇了B。
【分析】正確答案選 D。第一個(gè)what 用作動(dòng)詞 meant 的賓語(yǔ)，第二個(gè)what 用作動(dòng)詞 said 的賓語(yǔ)，即在 none of us understood what what he said meant 中，none of us understood 為主句，what what he said meant 為賓語(yǔ)從句，而在此賓語(yǔ)從句中又包括有 what he said 這樣一個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句。
2. After _______ had happened he could not continue to work there.
A. which B. how
C. what D. having
【陷阱】可能誤選A。
【分析】最佳答案選 C。有的同學(xué)誤選A，是因為認為介詞后應接關(guān)系代詞 which，但實(shí)際上，若填關(guān)系代詞，其前沒(méi)有先行詞，這根據不是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。另外，由于 had happened 缺主語(yǔ)，所以B和D也不能選。請再做下面一題(答案選B)：
He pointed to ______ looked like a tomb and said, “Ghost.”
A. that B. what
C. which D. as
3.“Is ______ you want to say?” asked the teacher.
A. this B. that
C. all that D. that all
【陷阱】根據中文字面意思誤選A或B。
【分析】最佳答案選 D。假若選A或B，那么轉換成陳述句即為：This is you want to say. / That is you want to say. 顯然句中的兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 is與want相沖突。選D組成的句子是 Is that all you want to say? 其中的that 為句子主語(yǔ)，all 為表語(yǔ)，you want to say 為定語(yǔ)從句，用以修飾all。
4. “When ______ leave for Japan?” “When ______ leave for Japan is kept secret.”
A. they will, will they B. will they, they will
C. they will, they will D. will they, will they
【陷阱】可能誤選D，認為 when 后應用疑問(wèn)句詞序。
【分析】最佳答案選 B。第一個(gè)when引出的是一個(gè)特殊疑問(wèn)句，故用疑問(wèn)詞序;第二個(gè) when 引出的是主語(yǔ)從句，故其后用陳述句詞序。請做以下試題(答案選C)：
(1) None knows if _______ that boy, but if _______ him, her parents will be disappointed.
A. she will marry, she will marry B. she marries, she marries
C. she will marry, she marries D. she marries, she will marry
(2) “Where _______ go to work?” “Where _______ go to work is not known.”
A. we shall, we shall B. shall we, shall we
C. shall we, we shall D. we shall, shall we
5. Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see ______.
A. who is he B. who he is
C. who is it D. who it is
【陷阱】幾個(gè)干擾項均有可能誤選。
【分析】此題最佳答案為D。首先可以排除A和C，因為空格處實(shí)為一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，所以不能用疑問(wèn)句詞序。另一方面，但按英語(yǔ)習慣，當用于指代身份不明的人時(shí)，要用代詞it，而不用 he 或she等。比較以下兩句：
Mr Smith is at the door. He wants to see you. 史密斯先生在門(mén)口，他想見(jiàn)你。
Someone is at the door. It may be the postman. 有個(gè)人在門(mén)口，可能是郵遞員。
第一句因前面指明了是 Mr Smith，所以后面用代詞 he;而第二句因前面用的是不定代詞 someone，說(shuō)明此人身份尚不明確，故其后用了代詞 it 來(lái)指代。
6. Don’t you know, my dear friend, ______ it is your money not you that she loves?
A. who B. which
C. that D. what
【陷阱】此題容易誤選 A或B：選 A 的同學(xué)認為這是指人的，故用who;選B的同學(xué)認為這是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，兩者都是誤認為這是定語(yǔ)從句(注意沒(méi)有先行詞)。
【分析】其實(shí)答案應選C。that引導的是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，用作動(dòng)詞 know 的賓語(yǔ)，它只是被句中的插入語(yǔ) my dear friend 隔開(kāi)罷了。請做以下試題(答案均為C)：
(1) Everyone knows, perhaps except you, _______ your girl-friend is a cheat.
A. who B. which
C. that D. what
(2) I think, though I could be mistaken, ______ she liked me.
A. who B. which
C. that D. what
(3) He told me the news, believe it or not, ______ he had earned $1 000 in a single day.
A. that B. which
C. as D. because
前面兩題 that 引導賓語(yǔ)從句，后面一題 that同位語(yǔ)從句(修飾the news)。
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