實(shí)現托福閱讀的連貫性閱讀的方法
如何實(shí)現托福閱讀的連貫性閱讀？
大家是否還記得，在托福滿(mǎn)分作文的評分標準中有這么一條：
Displays unity, progression, and coherence. ( 體現出統一、遞進(jìn)、連貫的特點(diǎn)。)
這條標準要求我們在寫(xiě)作時(shí)要注意文章的連貫性。首先，何為連貫性？ 連貫性就是要求句子與句子之間，或是段落與段落之間需以一種清晰的、合乎邏輯的方式進(jìn)行展開(kāi)，做到思路清晰，層次分明。這樣寫(xiě)文章的好處就是能夠讓一個(gè)讀者順著(zhù)作者的思路一口氣把文章讀完，并且同時(shí)掌握文章的主要信息。托福的`每一篇閱讀文章都可以算是一篇滿(mǎn)分作文，所以它必定體現出了統一、遞進(jìn)和連貫的特點(diǎn)。所以當我們在閱讀托福文章時(shí)，就應該做到閱讀的連貫性，否則就有可能面臨由于前后缺乏聯(lián)系，最終導致只抓到了局部信息而缺乏整體信息的情況。那么當我們在閱讀時(shí)，如何做到連貫性的閱讀呢？
連貫性通常通過(guò)兩種方式體現出來(lái)：語(yǔ)義重復和邏輯連接。語(yǔ)義重復就是兩個(gè)句子會(huì )存在某個(gè)概念的延續，通過(guò)對這個(gè)概念的重復把信息延續下去。語(yǔ)義重復會(huì )有多種形式，比如重復某個(gè)詞，也可以出現某個(gè)詞的近義詞或反義詞。如下面兩句話(huà)：In Southwest France in the 1940’s, playing children discovered Lascaux Grotto, a series of narrow cave chambers that contain huge prehistoric paintings of animals. Many of these beasts are as large as 16 feet (almost 5 meters). 這兩句話(huà)就是通過(guò)animals和beasts的同義替換把信息延續下去。語(yǔ)義重復還可以通過(guò)對某部分內容的概括或是對某部分內容的具體展開(kāi)來(lái)實(shí)現。如下面兩句：The animals are bulls, wild horses, reindeer, bison, and mammoths outlined with charcoal and painted mostly in reds, yellow, and brown. Scientific analysis reveals that the colors were derived from ocher and other iron oxides ground into a fine powder. 這兩句話(huà)就是通過(guò)對red, yellow, and brown的概括，即the colors實(shí)現了連貫性。當然，語(yǔ)義重復最常用的手段還是通過(guò)代詞的靈活運用。如以下兩句：But note that porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material； this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them.
邏輯連接就是通過(guò)特定的邏輯關(guān)系詞體現出兩句話(huà)或是多句話(huà)之間的關(guān)系。常見(jiàn)的如因果關(guān)系、轉折關(guān)系、條件關(guān)系、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系等。這些過(guò)渡詞的使用能夠使文章更加清晰、流暢。所以當我在遇到此類(lèi)邏輯關(guān)系詞時(shí)，要順著(zhù)這些邏輯關(guān)系詞表達的邏輯關(guān)系去閱讀文章。
我們以TPO1 GROUNDWATER的第二段做一個(gè)綜合展示，下劃線(xiàn)代表的是信息延續點(diǎn)。
The necessary space is there, however, in many forms. The commonest spaces(原詞重現) are those among the particles(對forms具體展開(kāi))—sand grains and tiny pebbles—of loose, unconsolidated sand and gravel. Beds of this material(代詞), out of sight beneath the soil, are common. They(代詞) are found wherever fast rivers carrying loads of coarse sediment once flowed. For example(邏輯關(guān)系), as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them.The water(原詞重現) was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand(對loads of coarse sediment, known as glacial outwash, that was deposited as the flow slowed down.
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