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全面剖析非言語(yǔ)交流(一)
Nonverbal communication - an overview 全面剖析非言語(yǔ)交流Nonverbal communication (as the term implies) is anything other than words themselves that communicates or affects (positively or negatively) the message "contained" in the words.
非語(yǔ)言交流（顧名思義）任何非語(yǔ)言的事情比語(yǔ)言本身的交流或作用（無(wú)論積極還是消極的）消息都“包含”在里面。
Metacommunication is a word used to describe the nonverbal process. Meta is from the Greek and means "beyond" or "in addition to"; hence, metacommunication is something in addition to the communication.
元信息傳遞是用來(lái)描述不用語(yǔ)言文字的過(guò)程。梅塔來(lái)源于希臘，意思是“超越”或“添加”，因此，元信息傳遞是添加了一些元素的交流。
Anything which can be taken into account as relevant to our interpretation of what another is saying or doing beyond the manifest 'content' of what he is saying or doing can be referred to as metacommunication.
任何一些內容可以表明他在說(shuō)什么或做什么相關(guān)的一種“做法或內容”稱(chēng)之為元信息傳遞。
There are two types of nonverbal communication which we will discuss briefly 'special forms'. You may not have thought of them as forms of nonverbal communication. They are paralanguage and silence.
非言語(yǔ)交流我們可以簡(jiǎn)要歸納為二種，我們將簡(jiǎn)要地討論一下‘特殊形式’。您可能沒(méi)有想到他們會(huì )是非語(yǔ)言交流的形式。即副語(yǔ)言和沉默。
Paralanguage 副語(yǔ)言
You may have heard someone say, 'It's not what he said, it's the way he said it."
Inflection can have an effect on the impact of a message; and while inflection is applied to words, it is a nonverbal treatment which can completely change the meaning a person would be expected to attach to the words. Inflections or emphasis applied vocally to a message are known as paralanguage.
你或許會(huì )聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò),“這不是他說(shuō)的，這是他表達的方式”。 語(yǔ)調的抑揚頓挫對信息有一定的影響；當音調的變化運用到語(yǔ)言上，非言語(yǔ)處理能完全改變一個(gè)人的意思。語(yǔ)調的抑揚頓挫被認為是副語(yǔ)言。
Paralanguage sounds just the opposite from the words themselves. Someone may have greeted you with a "good morning!" but the tone of the words revealed that it was anything but a good morning.
副語(yǔ)言的聲音正好同文字本身相反。有人和你打招呼會(huì )說(shuō)“早上好！”但語(yǔ)氣語(yǔ)調卻透露出另一層意思而不是早上好。
There are, of course, some messages which are transmitted entirely in a nonverbal manner through gestures and facial expressions. Pictures of Winston Churchill taken during World War 11 show him communicating encouragement to the people by raising two fingers in the familiar 'V for Victory' sign. Probably each of us has had the experience of making a statement that was greeted either by a raised eyebrow (indicating surprise) or by a wrinkled brow (indicating confusion or doubt).
當然,可以利用非言語(yǔ)方式通過(guò)姿態(tài)和面部表情傳遞整個(gè)信息.溫斯頓丘吉爾在二戰期間所采取的圖片展示了他11日通過(guò)提高交流而舉起' V字勝利'手勢鼓勵人民。也許我們每個(gè)人有過(guò)經(jīng)驗，一個(gè)凸起的眉毛（表示驚訝），或是一個(gè)皺眉頭（表示困惑或懷疑）。
And when the school bully took a step toward us with a raised, clenched fist, we got that message in a hurry, too.
當一校園惡霸捏緊拳頭正要向我們進(jìn)攻,我們就會(huì )很快感受到這種信息。
Silence 沉默
Silence is an important communication tool.
沉默是一個(gè)重要的交流工具.
Most of us find an extended period of silence rather oppressive and threatening, and we rush to fill the void with words—usually saying more than we mean to say.
我們會(huì )發(fā)現當我們受壓抑或受恐嚇的相當一些時(shí)間里頭腦是一片空白的, 當我們急于用語(yǔ)言填補空白的話(huà)，通常我們說(shuō)的比所表達的意思還要多.
By using silence at strategic times, you can sometimes get your decoder to reveal certain feelings and attitudes that may be hindering effective communication. It is important that we find out how we are doing in our effort to communicate; we do this through feedback. Silence can be an effective technique to encourage feedback. By silence I mean nonverbal elements held to a minimum.
在關(guān)鍵時(shí)候沉默，有時(shí)可以讓你來(lái)破譯某些感情和態(tài)度可能會(huì )阻礙進(jìn)行有效的交流。最重要的是我們發(fā)現我們是如何努力的交流；我們也可以反饋。沉默也是一種有助于鼓勵反饋的技巧。沉默是最低限度的非語(yǔ)言因素。非言語(yǔ)交流中最容易被忽略的是沉默。
Culture and communication 文化和交流
Webster defines culture as "the characteristic features of a particular stage or state of advancement in civilization."
韋伯斯特定義文化是“一個(gè)特定階段或國家文明進(jìn)步的典型特征”。
Or, another definition: Culture is the way a people think, act, live, and communicate. Since this article is about communication, it seems helpful or desirable to get the word communication into the definition.
另一個(gè)定義：文化是一個(gè)民族的思考方式，行動(dòng)，生活和交流自從關(guān)于交流的文章出現，讓我們對理解語(yǔ)言交流的定義有一定幫助。
On the other hand, culture is communication; the two are very much bound together.
A culture develops as the result of interpersonal communication. At the same time, the form, the nature, the makeup of the culture results from the interaction of the people and the place and time in which they live. The "interaction of people" is just another way of saying "communication." Living together, working together, relating to one another is communication. We are always communicating—or attempting to communicate.
另一方面，文化也是交流；二者之間有密切的關(guān)系。文化發(fā)展的結果促進(jìn)了人與人之間的交流。與此同時(shí)，形式，性質(zhì)，人們文化生活相互聯(lián)系這和他們生活的地方和年代有關(guān) �！叭嗣竦南嗷ヂ�(lián)系”僅是另一種 “交流” 的說(shuō)法�！霸谝黄鹕�，在一起工作，彼此聯(lián)系就是交流。我們一直在交流，或者嘗試著(zhù)進(jìn)行交流。
An awareness of the relationship between culture and communication as well as an understanding of the differences between cultures is helpful—and at times essential—in communicating successfully.
編者說(shuō)文化與交流的關(guān)系對理解一些不同文化是有幫助的，對成功的交流是必不可少的。Perhaps the simplest way to explain culture and its relationship to communication is to say that people are different—we live, work, and play in different societies, environments, and climates, and we adapt to these in different ways. We are talking here not just about regional differences in our own country, but about even greater differences which are found in the numerous cultures of the world.
也許用最簡(jiǎn)單的方法來(lái)解釋文化和交流之間的關(guān)系是說(shuō)，每個(gè)人都是不同的，我們的生活，工作，并且生活在不同的社會(huì )，環(huán)境和氣候條件下，我們能以不同的方法來(lái)適應這一切。我們這里所說(shuō)的不僅僅是我們自己國家的地區差異，也包含世界眾多的文化存在的差異。
As a result of living in different societies, environments, and climates, people develop special needs, acquire habits and customs peculiar to themselves, and have experiences (and since words are the names we give to our experiences, we have language differences, too) which, in general, result in particular patterns and methods and forms of expression and relating (communicating) with one another. Many examples of this could be given.
People in a warm, tropical climate, for example, live quite differently from people in a northern urban area of Europe.
由于在不同的社會(huì )，環(huán)境和氣候條件下生活，人類(lèi)發(fā)展的特殊需求，形成自己獨特的習慣，我們有經(jīng)驗（自從用文字做名字，我們有自己的經(jīng)驗，我們在語(yǔ)言上的差異太大），在一般情況下，導致特定的模式和方法和表達形式都和彼此之間的交流有關(guān)。有很多例子可以說(shuō)明。生活在溫暖的熱帶氣候的人，和生活在歐洲城市北部地區的人完全不同。
We need to know about people and their background if we are to understand their communications. This has important implications for when you may find yourself doing business in a foreign country. It is important that you become acquainted with the local culture and be prepared to follow its rules while you are doing business there. For example, in some Latin American countries, men stand quite close together when talking—much closer than we stand in many western countries. If you, as a Western business executive, were to find yourself in this situation, find the closeness uncomfortable, and back away, you would very likely offend your Latin American business friend.
如果我們要和他們交流我們就需要先了解他們及其背景，當自己在為國外企業(yè)工作的話(huà)你會(huì )發(fā)現這對你是很重要的。當你在當地工作你需要熟悉那里的文化并做好準備愿意遵守它。例如，在一些拉丁美洲,男子在談話(huà)時(shí)會(huì )站得非常近,比我們和西方國家的人站得還要近得多,如果你是一個(gè)西方企業(yè)主管,你會(huì )發(fā)覺(jué)在這種場(chǎng)合你會(huì )感覺(jué)很不習慣,會(huì )不由自主地往后退,你就會(huì )得罪了你拉丁美洲的商務(wù)合作伙伴.
Your action would probably create a communication barrier because you would appear "coldand stand-offish" to your Latin American counterpart.
你的行為會(huì )導致交流的障礙,因為你對拉丁美洲商務(wù)伙伴表現出一種“高傲”行為。
Remember that people do things differently. Remember, too, that people communicate in terms of their own experiences. Do not be offended (and communicate offensively) when something out of the ordinary happens. The situation may appear unusual to your frame of reference because it is not within the range of your experience; the situation may be perfectly "normal" to everyone else.
記住人們所做的不同的事情.記住別人在交流自己的經(jīng)驗.不能隨意打斷（語(yǔ)言攻擊）。當出現非正常情況.因為這些情況不在你的經(jīng)驗范圍內你就會(huì )覺(jué)得這些事情非常異常.這些情況對于每個(gè)人來(lái)說(shuō)并不是都不太尋常的.
It is small wonder that we seem always to be surrounded by wars and rumours of wars. In addition to the barriers of human behaviour and language, our communication attempts also are complicated by cultural barriers (which actually are linked with language).
Many cultural differences take the form of nonverbal communications. The nonverbal area is relatively new and still is being studied and developed; however, most of us have had enough experience to be aware of its existence and importance. One must be careful to keep this area in perspective and to consider nonverbal elements as only a part of the total communication effort—while the nonverbal may be important, it is not always the whole story. If a person frowns while listening to you speak, it may indicate doubt or disagreement; on the other hand, the person may have a headache or the light may be bothersome. It is important for you to remain alert to nonverbal signals, but it is also essential that you decode them accurately.
有點(diǎn)點(diǎn)奇怪的是我們總是被戰爭和戰爭的傳言所圍繞。除了人類(lèi)的行為和語(yǔ)言障礙,我們試圖克服更復雜化的文化障礙, （這實(shí)際上是與語(yǔ)言密切相聯(lián)）。許多文化差異都容入了非言語(yǔ)交流方式,非言語(yǔ)領(lǐng)域是相對新型的仍在研究和開(kāi)發(fā)中；但是,我們大部人都有足夠的經(jīng)驗認識它的存在和重要性.我們必須認真對待這一領(lǐng)域并考慮非言語(yǔ)元素作為交流一部分的作用這是比較重要的.這不一定是全部的故事。如果一個(gè)人一邊聽(tīng)你說(shuō)話(huà)一邊不停皺眉頭,這就代表他有疑問(wèn)或是持有不相同的意見(jiàn),另一方面,這個(gè)人會(huì )頭痛或有些少麻煩. 重要的是你要保持警覺(jué)，非言語(yǔ)信號.但同樣重要的是你能精確的的破譯判斷。
Body language 肢體語(yǔ)言
Probably the best-known type of nonverbal communication, at least to the layperson, is body language.
也許非語(yǔ)言交流最出色的類(lèi)型，至少在外行人看來(lái)是肢體語(yǔ)言。
Body language is also known as kinesics. A pioneer in the field, Ray Birdwhistell (Ray L. Birdwhistell, Kinesics and Context. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1970, p. 80.), writes, "The isolation of gestures and the attempt to understand them led to the most important findings of kinesic research. This original study of gestures gave the first indication that kinesic structure is parallel to language structure. By the study of gestures in context, it became clear that the kinesic system has forms which are astonishingly like words in language."
肢體語(yǔ)言也被認為是手勢語(yǔ)，在這一領(lǐng)域中最卓越的是伯德惠斯戴爾，費城的賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)出版社，1970年，第80頁(yè)寫(xiě)道，“手勢的隔離試圖理解他們以致發(fā)現了重要的手勢研究，最初的手勢語(yǔ)研究最先標明手勢的構造同語(yǔ)言的構造是相類(lèi)似的。從手勢語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)境看越來(lái)越清析的覺(jué)得手勢語(yǔ)的系統方式同文字語(yǔ)言是如此驚人的相似。
Researchers have observed people involved in the communication process. They have studied body language and other nonverbal behaviour, and they have then related or identified these actions with actual content of the message being transmitted. The result is a dictionary of body language meanings.
研究人員觀(guān)察到人們專(zhuān)注于交流過(guò)程。他們會(huì )學(xué)習肢體語(yǔ)言和其他非言語(yǔ)行為。他們會(huì )證明和確認相關(guān)動(dòng)作和實(shí)際信息內容之間的傳遞。這就是詞典對肢體語(yǔ)言的闡釋。
Both encoder and decoder send nonverbal messages as part of the total communication process.
編碼和破譯發(fā)送非言語(yǔ)信息作為交流渠道的一部分
The nonverbal messages of the encoder tend to reveal the degree of presence or absence of sincerity, honesty, conviction, ability, and qualifications; body language reveals a lot about the encoder and this person's attitude and feelings about the message being transmitted.
編碼發(fā)送的非言語(yǔ)信息往往揭示缺少存在程度或誠意的，誠實(shí)，信念，能力同素質(zhì)。肢體語(yǔ)言揭示了許多有關(guān)編碼同這個(gè)人的情況和感覺(jué)信息的傳遞。
body language of the decoders also reveals a lot about them and their feelings; but most important, it frequently tells the encoder the extent to which the decoders are accepting or not accepting the message.
肢體語(yǔ)言的破譯也揭示了許多關(guān)于他們的感情；但最重要的是，它頻繁告訴編碼在何種程度上的破譯是接受或不接受信息。
In other words, body language provides instant feedback to the encoder and answers the question, "How am I doing?" It is this instant feedback which makes face-to-face communication such an effective form of communication.
換句話(huà)說(shuō)，肢體語(yǔ)言提供即時(shí)的反饋給編碼和解決問(wèn)題，“我該怎么做？”正是這種即時(shí)的反饋讓面對面交流成為交流的一種有效形式。
Whether we are aware of it or not, each of us spends a lot of time decoding body language. We observe a wrinkled forehead, a raised eyebrow, a tug on the ear, fingers tapping on the table top, legs crossed and uncrossed, arms crossed over the chest. These movements should be considered in relation to the message itself; however, many times the nonverbal communications come through louder than the words that are actually being spoken.
Have you ever found yourself in a difficult situation and realized that you were shifting your weight in the chair? Or running a finger around the inside of your collar? Or clearing your throat nervously? Nonverbal communication frequently reveals the emotional side of our communications.
我們是否有發(fā)覺(jué)，我們每個(gè)人都花費大量時(shí)間了解肢體語(yǔ)言。我們觀(guān)察我們的前額，微微上翹的眉毛，像船一樣的耳朵，手指在桌面上輕敲，雙腿時(shí)而交叉時(shí)而分開(kāi)。雙臂交叉在胸前。這些動(dòng)作都表示了一些自身信息。然而，非言語(yǔ)交流大多數時(shí)候比語(yǔ)言交流更好。你是否發(fā)現你在不舒服的情況下會(huì )在椅子上動(dòng)一動(dòng)？或是用手整理里面的衣領(lǐng)？或是清清嗓子？非言語(yǔ)交流經(jīng)常展現了我們交流中的情感。
A favourite sport of many is "people watching." While waiting in an airport terminal, have you ever observed the crowd and tried to imagine the occupation, the problems, and the thoughts of various people? Have you observed an individual's dress and tried to conclude something about the person? Have you observed gestures, facial expressions, and manner of walk and tried to guess the nature of the topic under discussion?
最喜歡的事情是“看人”當你在機場(chǎng)大廳等待，你有沒(méi)有會(huì )觀(guān)察周?chē)巳翰⒃噲D想象他們的職業(yè)，各種問(wèn)題，不同人的想法？你有沒(méi)有觀(guān)察個(gè)人的演講，并試圖推測有關(guān)他的一些事情？你有沒(méi)有觀(guān)察手勢，面部表情，以及走路的方式并試圖猜測所討論專(zhuān)題的性質(zhì)？
To be a good reader of body language requires that you sharpen your powers of observation and perception.
想要更好解讀肢體語(yǔ)言你必須提升你的觀(guān)察力和洞察力。
Observation is a form of decoding, and your ability in this area can be increased by three factors: education, awareness, and need.
觀(guān)察力是破譯的一種形式，你可以從三個(gè)方面提升你的能力：教育，提高認識和需求。
Education and awareness are interrelated. Through education, a person becomes aware of more things. in other words, a person knows what to look for; therefore, a person is more likely to observe it, to decode it. Likewise, realizing a need for something makes a person ready and eager to acquire it. If you have ever tried to find a certain house number in a strange neighbourhood, you know that you were probably more alert and aware than usual; you saw things you had not seen before because you had a need to observe and to find the house number.
教育和提高認識是相互關(guān)聯(lián)的。通過(guò)教育，可以讓一個(gè)人認識更多的事情。換句話(huà)說(shuō)，一個(gè)人知道要尋找什么；那么他會(huì )更多地觀(guān)察這方面的情況，去破譯。同樣，認識到自己的需求你就會(huì )渴望擁有它。如果你曾經(jīng)試圖在一個(gè)陌生街區尋找固定門(mén)牌號碼，你就會(huì )比平常更加警惕和認真；你會(huì )看到你以前沒(méi)有看過(guò)的東西因為你需要觀(guān)察和尋找門(mén)牌號碼。
Perception has to do with your ability to observe, to remain alert, and to extract from a given communication incident the 'realities' of the situation (recognizing, of course, that reality is different for each of us). You must try to take from the communication verbal and nonverbal messages which are similar for both encoder and decoder. While encoding your message, you must be decoding the body language of the decoder. (Communication is indeed a continuous processl)
用你的感知能力觀(guān)察，并保持警覺(jué)，從一個(gè)給定的交流事件提取'客觀(guān)的真實(shí)性'的情況（認識，當然，現實(shí)是我們每個(gè)人都不同）。你應該認為語(yǔ)言和非語(yǔ)言的交流同編碼和破譯相類(lèi)似。你的信息在編碼時(shí)，您必須破譯的肢體語(yǔ)言。 （通訊的確是一個(gè)連續的過(guò)程)
Whilst mastery of communication techniques is important, it is essential that the encoder be sensitive to the human relations aspects in the communication process, and these human elements are often revealed vividly in body language and other nonverbal communication.
而精確的交流技術(shù)很重要，但在通信過(guò)程中至關(guān)重要的是編碼在人與人之間的關(guān)系方面要敏感，這些人性的元素往往在肢體語(yǔ)言和其他非語(yǔ)言交流表現的淋漓盡致。
The sooner you, as encoder, receive feedback in the form of a body language message, the sooner you can switch to a more effective encoding technique if necessary.
如果必要的話(huà)作為編碼越早接收到一個(gè)肢體語(yǔ)言的反饋信息，就能越早切換到一個(gè)更有效的編碼技術(shù)。
Eyes 目光
Probably everyone has had some experience with eyes as nonverbal communicators. Most of us have been stared at and have wondered why. Was it curiosity or ill manners? Or perhaps the starer had poor vision and was merely trying to get us in focus. But then there is the possibility the observer found us attractive and interesting and was issuing an invitation to get better acquainted. Most of us have decoded "eye language" even if we did not know about body language or nonverbal communication.
也許每個(gè)人都曾用目光進(jìn)行非語(yǔ)言交流的經(jīng)驗。我們中的大多數都曾被注視著(zhù)，我們想要知道為什么。是出于好奇心還是不禮貌？或者是他視力不佳只是試圖把我們看的更清楚。而此這的觀(guān)察有可能發(fā)現我們是有吸引力和趣味性的便會(huì )發(fā)出邀請對我們作進(jìn)一步了解。我們中的大多數已經(jīng)破譯“目光語(yǔ)言”即使我們根本不了解肢體語(yǔ)言和非言語(yǔ)交流.
There are numerous messages that can be sent with the eyes, but the stare is the most important technique a person has. In our culture one does not stare at another person—one stares at things. Therefore, a stare can have a devastating effect because it reduces a person to nonhuman status.
有許多信息是能用目光傳遞的,但注視是人們擁有最重要的技巧.在我們的文化中你不注視著(zhù)一個(gè)人而是只注視著(zhù)一件物體, 這種注視會(huì )讓人很傷心因為降低了他對自己的自信心。
There is an endless number of messages which can be sent when one thinks of eyes combined with different positions and movements of the eyelids and eyebrows. As with all forms of nonverbal communication, messages sent by the eyes should be decoded in terms of the words accompanying them.
有無(wú)數的信息是通過(guò)目光和不同的姿態(tài)與眼皮和眉毛的活動(dòng)形成的.所有這些都是非言語(yǔ)交流.信息可以通過(guò)目光和語(yǔ)言共同來(lái)傳遞。
Hands, arms and legs 手，手臂和腿
How can anyone hope to communicate without using hands and arms? And even legs are for something besides walking.
任何人如何希望不使用手和手臂來(lái)進(jìn)行交流?甚至腿除了步行還可以做一些其他事。
No doubt each of us knows someone who "talks with his or her hands. Some people punctuate communications with such extravagant gestures that it is extremely dangerous to get too close to their nonverbal exclamations. Do you know people who during a conversation or a card game drum or tap incessantly with their finger tips? Are there people you know who constantly click the on-off switch of their ballpoint pens? Do you know people who frequently "pop" their knuckles? Do you notice individuals who tap their feet, who cross and uncross their legs, or who cross their legs and then swing their crossed legs back and forth?
毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)我們每個(gè)人都知道“和他或她交談需要用手”.有些人會(huì )使用過(guò)分夸大的姿勢加強交流以達到非言語(yǔ)感嘆.你知道人們在交談或玩紙牌游戲時(shí)最需要用他們的指尖嗎? 你知道有人不斷按他們的圓珠筆開(kāi)關(guān)嗎？你知道有些人經(jīng)�；顒�(dòng)他們的關(guān)節嗎?你有沒(méi)有注意一些獨特的人經(jīng)�！拜p敲“他們的腳.他們的雙腿時(shí)而交叉時(shí)而分開(kāi).時(shí)而擺動(dòng)雙腿來(lái)回交叉。
What do these nonverbal messages tell you? Is the person nervous? Insecure? Bored? Thinking? Happy? Craving attention? A nuisance? Perhaps the messages mean nothing. On the other hand, if nonverbal signs reveal the emotional side of a communication, it is often important for you to try to determine what message is being transmitted along with the verbal one. Sometimes they are the same; other times they are drastically different.
Many people are devoting their entire life to the study of body language. Body language is an interesting, fascinating area of nonverbal communication; much remains to be learned about it. By becoming a better observer, by sharpening your powers of perception, and by knowing as much as possible about your audience (decoders), you should be able to translate more accurately nonverbal and verbal messages.
這些非言語(yǔ)信息告訴你什么呢?是人們感到緊張嗎?不安嗎?無(wú)聊嗎?思考嗎?高興嗎?渴望關(guān)注嗎?討厭的東西嗎?或許這些信息什么都沒(méi)表示.從另一方面理解,如果非言語(yǔ)符號展現交談的一種情感.這是非常重要的你可以嘗試確定哪些信息是被口頭傳遞.有時(shí)他們的意思是一樣的；有時(shí)它們的意思又截然不同.許多人都用他們畢生的時(shí)間研究肢體語(yǔ)言。肢體語(yǔ)言是一種非常有趣的，迷人的非言語(yǔ)交流；我們堅持不懈地去學(xué)習。通過(guò)提高你的感知能力，加強你的洞察力，盡可能多地了解你的觀(guān)眾（破譯），你就能更準確地破譯更多非言語(yǔ)信息和語(yǔ)言信息。
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