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Preface
前言
The discovery of the atom and the subsequentdevelopment and utilization of nuclear energy gave anew impetus to the progress of humanity andgreatly enhanced mankind's ability to understandand shape the world. Yet, the development ofnuclear energy has associated risks and challenges.For mankind to better utilize nuclear energy andachieve even greater progress, it is necessary tomake innovations in nuclear technologies, ensure nuclear safety and do well in nuclearemergency preparedness. While nuclear safety constitutes a lifeline for the sustained andhealthy development of nuclear energy, nuclear emergency preparedness serves as animportant safeguard for its sustained and healthy development.
原子的發(fā)現和核能的開(kāi)發(fā)利用給人類(lèi)社會(huì )發(fā)展帶來(lái)新的動(dòng)力，極大增強人類(lèi)認識世界和改造世界的能力。核能發(fā)展伴隨著(zhù)核安全風(fēng)險和挑戰。人類(lèi)要更好利用核能、實(shí)現更大發(fā)展，必須創(chuàng )新核技術(shù)、確保核安全、做好核應急。核安全是核能事業(yè)持續健康發(fā)展的生命線(xiàn)，核應急是核能事業(yè)持續健康發(fā)展的重要保障。
Nuclear emergency preparedness denotes the emergency actions taken to control, contain andmitigate a nuclear accident, and to minimize the consequences of such accidents, which aredifferent from the normal order and working procedure. They are emergency response actionsguided by the government, assisted by the relevant enterprises, coordinated among all theinvolved parties and implemented in a unified manner. Nuclear emergency preparedness is ofparamount importance and bears on the overall situation, and is therefore of criticalsignificance to the protection of the general public, the environment and social stability aswell as safeguarding national security.
核應急是為了控制核事故、緩解核事故、減輕核事故后果而采取的不同于正常秩序和正常工作程序的緊急行為，是政府主導、企業(yè)配合、各方協(xié)同、統一開(kāi)展的應急行動(dòng)。核應急事關(guān)重大、涉及全局，對于保護公眾、保護環(huán)境、保障社會(huì )穩定、維護國家安全具有重要意義。
China has consistently given top priority to nuclear safety in its peaceful use of nuclearenergy, and has persisted in an overall national security concept by advocating a rational,coordinated and balanced nuclear safety outlook. China has followed the approach of enhancingsafety for the sake of development and promoting development by upholding safety in anunrelenting effort to bring the dual goals of development and safety in alignment with eachother. In the past six decades or so, the Chinese people have been working with stamina anddiligence in the pursuit of nuclear energy utilization, with splendid achievements. At the sametime, the Chinese people have been sparing no effort to improve nuclear safety techniques,enforce rigorous nuclear safety supervision, strengthen nuclear emergency managementand ensure that nuclear energy has always maintained a sound safety record.
中國始終把核安全放在和平利用核能事業(yè)首要位置，堅持總體國家安全觀(guān)，倡導理性、協(xié)調、并進(jìn)的核安全觀(guān)，秉持為發(fā)展求安全、以安全促發(fā)展的理念，始終追求發(fā)展和安全兩個(gè)目標有機融合。半個(gè)多世紀以來(lái)，中國人民奮發(fā)圖強、歷盡艱辛，創(chuàng )建發(fā)展核能事業(yè)并取得輝煌成就。同時(shí)，不斷改進(jìn)核安全技術(shù)，實(shí)施嚴格的核安全監管，加強核應急管理，核能事業(yè)始終保持良好安全記錄。
Nuclear accidents know no national boundaries, and everything related to nuclear emergencymanagement is too important to be taken lightly. Drawing on the lessons learned from theThree Mile Island, Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear accidents, China has come to a profoundunderstanding of the utmost importance of nuclear emergencies, and the need to continuouslystrengthen and improve nuclear emergency preparedness and responses with a view toconstantly enhancing the nuclear safety safeguard level. China has made great strides in afull range of nuclear emergency-related activities, including the enactment of regulations,codes and standards, the establishment of institutional and regulatory regimes, the building-up of basic capabilities, the fostering of professional personnel, related exercises and drills,public communication, and international cooperation and exchanges. This has not onlyprovided a robust safeguard for China's own nuclear energy development, but also contributedactively to the promotionof a fair, open, collaborative and mutually beneficial internationalnuclear safety emergency framework and mankind's sharing of nuclear energy developmentachievements.
核事故影響無(wú)國界，核應急管理無(wú)小事�？偨Y三哩島核事故、切爾諾貝利核事故、福島核事故的教訓，中國更加深刻認識到核應急的極端重要性，持續加強和改進(jìn)核應急準備與響應工作，不斷提升中國核安全保障水平。中國在核應急法律法規標準建設、體制機制建設、基礎能力建設、專(zhuān)業(yè)人才培養、演習演練、公眾溝通、國際合作與交流等方面取得巨大進(jìn)步，既為自身核能事業(yè)發(fā)展提供堅強保障，也為推動(dòng)建立公平、開(kāi)放、合作、共贏(yíng)的國際核安全應急體系，促進(jìn)人類(lèi)共享核能發(fā)展成果作出積極貢獻。
I.Current Situation of Nuclear EnergyDevelopment and Nuclear EmergencyPreparedness
一、核能發(fā)展與核應急基本形勢
It was in the mid-1950s that China embarked on itsnuclear industry. Over the past more than sixdecades China has made constant endeavors in thepeaceful use of nuclear energy by promoting theextensive application of nuclear technologies tosuch areas as industry, agriculture, medicine, theenvironment and energy. In particular, since theintroduction of the reform and opening-up policies in late 1978 China’s nuclear energy sectorhas seen particularly rapid development.
20世紀50年代中期，中國創(chuàng )建核工業(yè)。60多年來(lái)，中國致力于和平利用核能事業(yè)，發(fā)展推動(dòng)核技術(shù)在工業(yè)、農業(yè)、醫學(xué)、環(huán)境、能源等領(lǐng)域廣泛應用。特別是改革開(kāi)放以來(lái)，中國核能事業(yè)得到更大發(fā)展。
The development of nuclear power constitutes an important component of China’s nuclearenergy sector. Nuclear power is a clean, efficient and quality modern energy source. Chinahas consistently adhered to the principle of placing equal emphasis on development andsafety, and implemented the policy of developing nuclear power in a safe and efficient mannerby adopting the most advanced technology and most stringent standards. In March 1985construction started on the Qinshan Nuclear Power Station, the first of its kind in the mainlandof China. As of the end of October 2015, in the mainland of China 27 nuclear generating unitshad been in operation, with a total installed capacity of 25.50 GWe, and another 25 nucleargenerating units with a total installed capacity of 27.51 GWe had been under construction.China has already developed its large-sized advanced Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) andHigh Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTGR) technologies with proprietary intellectualproperty rights. Constructionof the HPR1000 technology pilot project has already commenced.The China Experimental Fast Reactor (CEFR) has achieved full power operation over 72 hours,signifying that China has already mastered the core technology associated with fast reactors.
發(fā)展核電是中國核能事業(yè)的重要組成部分。核電是一種清潔、高效、優(yōu)質(zhì)的現代能源。中國堅持發(fā)展與安全并重原則，執行安全高效發(fā)展核電政策，采用最先進(jìn)的技術(shù)、最嚴格的標準發(fā)展核電。1985年3月，中國大陸第一座核電站——秦山核電站破土動(dòng)工。截至2015年10月底，中國大陸運行核電機組27臺，總裝機容量2550萬(wàn)千瓦;在建核電機組25臺，總裝機容量2751萬(wàn)千瓦。中國開(kāi)發(fā)出具有自主知識產(chǎn)權的大型先進(jìn)壓水堆、高溫氣冷堆核電技術(shù)�！叭A龍一號”核電技術(shù)示范工程投入建設。中國實(shí)驗快堆實(shí)現滿(mǎn)功率穩定運行72小時(shí)，標志著(zhù)已經(jīng)掌握快堆關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。
With the development of the nuclear energy sector, nuclear safety and nuclear emergency workhave seen steady synchronous reinforcement. China’s nuclear facilities and nuclear activitieshave all along been in safe and stable state and, in particular, the safety level of nuclearpower stations has witnessed constant improvement. None of the nuclear power generatingunits in China’s mainland has suffered events or accidents rated above Level 2 under theInternational Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES), with the release of gaseous andliquid effluents kept far below the national regulatory limits. All of the under-constructionnuclear power generating units have intact quality assurance, safety supervision andemergency preparedness systems.
伴隨著(zhù)核能事業(yè)的發(fā)展，核安全與核應急同步得到加強。中國的核設施、核活動(dòng)始終保持安全穩定狀態(tài)，特別是核電安全水平不斷提高。中國大陸所有運行核電機組未發(fā)生過(guò)國際核與輻射事件分級表二級以上事件和事故，氣態(tài)和液態(tài)流出物排放遠低于國家標準限值。在建核電機組質(zhì)量保證、安全監管、應急準備體系完整。
China has always attached great importance to nuclear emergency work by taking a highlyresponsible attitude toward the safety of the people and society as a whole in enforcing nuclearemergency management. Arrangements have been made for nuclear emergency work intandem with the decision taken to proceed with nuclear power development. In the wake ofthe Chernobyl accident, China made it clear that there would be no change in its nuclear powerdevelopment policy, while stressing that a good job would be done on nuclear emergencypreparedness - with the result that national nuclear emergency work got off the ground in1986. In 1991 the National Nuclear Accident Emergency Committee was inaugurated andcommissioned to make overall planning and coordinate nuclear accident emergencypreparations and rescue work nationwide. In 1993 China promulgated the Regulations onEmergency Measures for Nuclear Accidents at Nuclear Power Plants to formalize nuclearemergency by regulatory means. In 1997 the first National Nuclear Emergency Plan (Scenario)was issued to lay out arrangements for nuclear emergency preparations and response in theform of a governmental decision. To cater to the needs of nuclear power development,multiple revisions have since been made to the original Plan and the latest version of NationalNuclear Emergency Plan has been enacted. At present, China’s nuclear emergencymanagement and preparations have seen comprehensive upgrades in terms of system,specialization, standards and scientific rigor.
中國高度重視核應急，始終以對人民安全和社會(huì )安全高度負責的態(tài)度強化核應急管理。早在作出發(fā)展核電決策之時(shí)就同步部署安排核應急工作。切爾諾貝利核事故發(fā)生后，中國明確表示發(fā)展核電方針不變，強調必須做好核應急準備，1986年即開(kāi)展國家核應急工作。1991年，成立國家核事故應急委員會(huì )，統籌協(xié)調全國核事故應急準備和救援工作。1993年，發(fā)布《核電廠(chǎng)核事故應急管理條例》，對核應急作出基本規范。1997年，發(fā)布第一部《國家核應急計劃(預案)》，對核應急準備與響應作出部署，之后，為適應核能發(fā)展需要，多次進(jìn)行修訂形成《國家核應急預案》。目前，中國核應急管理與準備工作的體系化、專(zhuān)業(yè)化、規范化、科學(xué)化水平全面提升。
Under China’s medium- and long-term development objectives, by 2020 the in-operationnuclear power installed capacity will reach 58 GWe in the mainland of China plus anadditional 30 GWe approximately under construction. By 2030 endeavors will have beenmade to put into place science and technology R&D systems along with their associatedindustrial systems representing the global development trends of nuclear power, and to ensurethat nuclear power technologies and equipment will take up a substantial share in theinternational market, thereby meeting the target of building a strong nuclear power country.Faced with the new situation, new challenges and new requirements, China is still confrontedwith shortfalls in nuclear emergency work in terms of technology, equipment, neededprofessionals, capacity and standards, which are the same problems encountered by othercountries in developing nuclear energy. China will seek to reinforce national nuclear emergencymanagement and raise its nuclear emergency work to a new level through idea innovation,scientific and technological innovation, and management innovation.
按照中國核電中長(cháng)期發(fā)展規劃目標，到2020年，中國大陸運行核電裝機容量將達到5800萬(wàn)千瓦，在建3000萬(wàn)千瓦左右;到2030年，力爭形成能夠體現世界核電發(fā)展方向的科技研發(fā)體系和配套工業(yè)體系，核電技術(shù)裝備在國際市場(chǎng)占據相當份額，全面實(shí)現建設核電強國目標。面對核能事業(yè)發(fā)展新形勢新挑戰，中國核應急在技術(shù)、裝備、人才、能力、標準等方面還存在一定不足，這也是其他國家在開(kāi)發(fā)利用核能進(jìn)程中面臨的共同課題。中國將通過(guò)理念創(chuàng )新、科技創(chuàng )新、管理創(chuàng )新，不斷強化國家核應急管理，把核應急提高到新水平。
II. Guidelines and Policies for Nuclear Emergency Preparedness
二、核應急方針政策
As a large developing country, China has laid down basic guidelines and policies applicable tonuclear emergency preparedness through enactment of laws, administrative regulations andissuance of government decrees in the course of nuclear energy development.
中國是發(fā)展中大國，在發(fā)展核能進(jìn)程中，通過(guò)制定法律、行政法規和發(fā)布政令等方式，確定核應急基本方針政策。
The basic objectives of nuclear emergency preparedness in China are: scientific coordinationaccording to law, timely and effectively coping with nuclear accidents, maximallycontrolling/mitigating or eliminating accidents, minimizing human casualties/fatalities andproperty damages, protecting the public and the environment, maintaining social order andsafeguarding the people’s safety and national security.
中國核應急基本目標是：依法科學(xué)統一、及時(shí)有效應對處置核事故，最大程度控制、緩解或消除事故，減輕事故造成的人員傷亡和財產(chǎn)損失，保護公眾，保護環(huán)境，維護社會(huì )秩序，保障人民安全和國家安全。
The basic policy of nuclear emergency management in China is: constant vigilance, versatilecompatibility, unified command, active coordination, public safeguard and environmentalprotection.
中國核應急基本方針是：常備不懈、積極兼容，統一指揮、大力協(xié)同，保護公眾、保護環(huán)境。
Constant vigilance, versatile compatibility. Nuclear emergency organizations at all levelsshould stay alert and vigilant at all times in readiness to respond to possible nuclearaccidents at any time. A nuclear emergency preparation and response system featuringcoordination of dedicated and standby systems, rational deployment of resources,combination of routine exercises and actual emergency response, and integration ofcivilian and military resources is to be established and perfected. Nuclear emergency workmust be planned and deployed in an overall manner together with other activities andimplemented compatibly with them.
常備不懈、積極兼容。各級核應急組織以“養兵千日，用兵一時(shí)”的態(tài)度，充分準備，隨時(shí)應對可能發(fā)生的核事故。建立健全專(zhuān)兼配合、資源整合、平戰結合、軍民融合的核應急準備與響應體系。核應急與其他工作統籌規劃、統籌部署、兼容實(shí)施。
Unified command, active coordination. Operators of nuclear installations shall coordinateand direct on-site nuclear accident emergency response actions in a unified manner, andgovernments at all levels shall coordinate and direct nuclear accident emergency responseactions within their respective jurisdictions in a unified manner. Under the unifiedorganization and direction of the government, nuclear emergency organizations, relevantdepartments, relevant enterprises, professional teams, social organizations and militaryrescue units shall work in coordination with one another in a joint effort to complete nuclearaccident emergency response actions.
統一指揮、大力協(xié)同。核設施營(yíng)運單位統一協(xié)調指揮場(chǎng)內核事故應急響應行動(dòng)，各級政府統一協(xié)調指揮本級管轄區域內核事故應急響應行動(dòng)。在政府統一組織指揮下，核應急組織、相關(guān)部門(mén)、相關(guān)企業(yè)、專(zhuān)業(yè)力量、社會(huì )組織以及軍隊救援力量等協(xié)同配合，共同完成核事故應急響應行動(dòng)。
Public safeguard and environmental protection. Public safeguard constitutes thefundamental objective of nuclear emergency preparedness, and it is incumbent upon us totake the attitude and actions that everything is for the people in coping with nuclear accidents.Environmental protection should be viewed as the fundamental requirement of nuclearemergency preparedness in such a way that every effort is made to minimize the release ofradioactive substances and do our best to control, mitigate and eliminate damages to theenvironment.
保護公眾、保護環(huán)境。把保護公眾作為核應急的根本宗旨，以一切為了人民的態(tài)度和行動(dòng)應對處置核事故。把保護環(huán)境作為核應急的根本要求，盡可能把核事故造成的放射性物質(zhì)釋放降到最小，最大程度控制、減輕或消除對環(huán)境的危害。
The basic principles underlying nuclear emergency preparedness in China are: unifiedleadership, different levels of responsibility, tiered arrangements, coordination between thelocality and the military, quick response, and scientific handling.
中國核應急基本原則是：統一領(lǐng)導、分級負責，條塊結合、軍地協(xié)同，快速反應、科學(xué)處置。
Unified leadership, different levels of responsibility. Under the unified leadership of the centralgovernment, China has established a nuclear emergency management system featuringassignment of responsibility to different levels. The operator of the relevant nuclearinstallation is the major body of accountability for on-site emergency work. The people’sgovernment at the provincial level is the major body of accountability for off-site emergencyactivities in its jurisdiction.
統一領(lǐng)導、分級負責。在中央政府統一領(lǐng)導下，中國建立分級負責的核應急管理體系。核設施營(yíng)運單位是核事故場(chǎng)內應急工作責任主體。省級人民政府是本行政區域核事故場(chǎng)外應急工作責任主體。
Tiered arrangements, coordination between the locality and the military. Nuclear emergencyinvolves the central and the local, the military and the government, on-site and off-site,specialized techniques and social administration. Therefore, it is necessary to uphold theprinciples of uniform deployment and centralized planning, mutual support, mutualcoordination, and comprehensive rescue at all times.
條塊結合、軍地協(xié)同。核應急涉及中央與地方、軍隊與政府、場(chǎng)內與場(chǎng)外、專(zhuān)業(yè)技術(shù)與社會(huì )管理等方面，必須堅持統籌兼顧、相互配合、大力協(xié)同、綜合施救。
Quick response, scientific handling. When a nuclear accident occurs, all levels of nuclearemergency organizations shall be mobilized at the earliest possible time to rapidly control andmitigate the accident to minimize any impact on the public and the environment. Everyeffort shall be made to take into account the characteristics and rules applicable to nuclearaccidents as the basis for organizing studies and evaluations to enable scientific decision-making, and enforce a full range of response actions in an effective manner, includingradiation monitoring, worksite rescue, decontamination and cleansing, radiation protectionand medical treatment, and so forth.
快速反應、科學(xué)處置。核事故發(fā)生后，各級核應急組織及早介入，迅速控制緩解事故，減輕對公眾和環(huán)境的影響。遵循應對處置核事故特點(diǎn)規律，組織開(kāi)展分析研判，科學(xué)決策，有效實(shí)施輻射監測、工程搶險、去污洗消、輻射防護、醫學(xué)救援等響應行動(dòng)。
III.All-round Promotion of Nuclear EmergencyPreparedness
三、核應急"一案三制"建設
China lays great store by the planning, andlegislative/institutional/regulatory systems (knownin Chinese as "One Planning plus Three Systems")associated with nuclear emergency preparedness,and ensures the establishment and full functioningof a national nuclear emergency management systemthrough the safeguards of legislation, institutionand regulations.
中國高度重視核應急的預案和法制、體制、機制(簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)"一案三制")建設，通過(guò)法律制度保障、體制機制保障，建立健全國家核應急組織管理體系。
Strengthening national nuclear emergency planning system building. The National NuclearEmergency Plan is an action program pre-set by the central government to cope with nuclearaccident scenarios. The National Nuclear Emergency Plan lays down a whole set of regulations onthe organizational system, command and coordination mechanism, emergency responseclassification, post-accident restoration actions, and emergency preparation and safeguardmeasures related to nuclear emergency preparation and response actions. In line with therequirements of the National Nuclear Emergency Plan, governments at all levels and nuclearinstallation operators must draw up nuclear emergency plans fully in keeping with the NationalNuclear Emergency Plan, so as to form a nationwide system of nuclear emergency planning.
加強全國核應急預案體系建設�！秶液藨鳖A案》是中央政府應對處置核事故預先制定的工作方案�！秶液藨鳖A案》對核應急準備與響應的組織體系、核應急指揮與協(xié)調機制、核事故應急響應分級、核事故后恢復行動(dòng)、應急準備與保障措施等作了全面規定。按照《國家核應急預案》要求，各級政府部門(mén)和核設施營(yíng)運單位制定核應急預案，形成相互配套銜接的全國核應急預案體系。
Strengthening nuclear emergency legislative system building. China has put in place its ownnuclear emergency legal framework, comprising state laws, administrative regulations,departmental rules, national and industrial standards, and management guidelines. As early asAugust 1993 China put into effect the Regulations on Emergency Management of NuclearAccidents at Nuclear Power Plants. Since the beginning of this century China has, in succession,enacted the Law of the People's Republic of China on Prevention and Control of RadioactivePollution and Emergency Response Law of the People's Republic of China, providing regulationsand requirements from the legal perspective on nuclear emergency preparedness. In July2015 the newly revised State Security Law of the People's Republic of China was promulgated,further reinforcing the nuclear accident emergency system and emergency response capacitybuilding to prevent, control and eliminate damage to the life and health of the general publicand ecological environment. In keeping with the foregoing laws and regulations, relevantdepartments of the government have worked out and put into effect their respective regulationsand management guidelines, and relevant institutions and nuclear-related industries havedrawn up applicable technical standards. The military also has drawn up relevantregulations, and established systems governing emergency rescue actions associated withnuclear emergency preparedness. Currently efforts are being made to push forward thelegislative process associated with the Atomic Energy Law and Nuclear Safety Law.
加強核應急法制建設。中國基本形成國家法律、行政法規、部門(mén)規章、國家和行業(yè)標準、管理導則于一體的核應急法律法規標準體系。早在1993年8月就頒布實(shí)施《核電廠(chǎng)核事故應急管理條例》。進(jìn)入本世紀以來(lái)，又先后頒布實(shí)施《中華人民共和國放射性污染防治法》《中華人民共和國突發(fā)事件應對法》，從法律層面對核應急作出規定和要求。2015年7月，新修訂的《中華人民共和國國家安全法》開(kāi)始實(shí)施，進(jìn)一步強調加強核事故應急體系和應急能力建設，防止、控制和消除核事故對公眾生命健康和生態(tài)環(huán)境的危害。與這些法律法規相配套，政府相關(guān)部門(mén)制定相應的部門(mén)規章和管理導則，相關(guān)機構和涉核行業(yè)制定技術(shù)標準。軍隊制定參加核電廠(chǎng)核事故應急救援條例等相關(guān)法規和規章制度。目前，正積極推進(jìn)原子能法、核安全法立法進(jìn)程。
Strengthening nuclear emergency management system building. China implements a nuclearemergency management system featuring unified leadership at the national level, overallcoordination, assignment of responsibilities to different levels and emphasis on localizedadministration. The nuclear emergency management is led and placed under theresponsibility of the department designated by the central government. The governments ofthe province (autonomous region or centrally administered municipality) wherein nuclearinstallations are located are responsible for nuclear emergency management within theirrespective jurisdictions. The operator of the relevant nuclear installation and its seniorcompetent authority (unit) shall be responsible for on-site emergency management.Wherever necessary, the central government will lead, organize and coordinate nuclearemergency management at the national level.
加強核應急管理體制建設。中國核應急實(shí)行國家統一領(lǐng)導、綜合協(xié)調、分級負責、屬地管理為主的管理體制。全國核應急管理工作由中央政府指定部門(mén)牽頭負責。核設施所在地的省(區、市)人民政府指定部門(mén)負責本行政區域內的核應急管理工作。核設施營(yíng)運單位及其上級主管部門(mén)(單位)負責場(chǎng)內核應急管理工作。必要時(shí)，由中央政府領(lǐng)導、組織、協(xié)調全國的核事故應急管理工作。
Strengthening nuclear emergency mechanism building. China implements a nuclearemergency organization and coordination mechanism featuring leadership by onedepartment and participation by multiple departments. At the national level, a NationalNuclear Accident Emergency Coordination Committee has been set up comprising relevantgovernmental and military departments with the following main responsibilities: implementingstate nuclear emergency work guidelines, drawing up national policies for nuclear emergencymanagement, uniformly coordinating emergency activities at the national level, and deciding,organizing and commanding emergency assistance response actions. A National NuclearEmergency Office has also been set up to undertake the routine work of the National NuclearAccident Emergency Coordination Committee. At the provincial (regional and municipal)levels, nuclear emergency coordination bodies have been established, and operators ofnuclear installations have set up their respective nuclear emergency bodies. At the national andprovincial (regional and municipal) levels and within the operators of the nuclear installations,committees of experts or the support organizations thereof have been established to provideadvice and suggestions on nuclear emergency preparedness and response.
加強核應急機制建設。中國實(shí)行由一個(gè)部門(mén)牽頭、多個(gè)部門(mén)參與的核應急組織協(xié)調機制。在國家層面，設立國家核事故應急協(xié)調委員會(huì )，由政府和軍隊相關(guān)部門(mén)組成，主要職責是：貫徹國家核應急工作方針，擬定國家核應急工作政策，統一協(xié)調全國核事故應急，決策、組織、指揮應急支援響應行動(dòng)。同時(shí)設立國家核事故應急辦公室，承擔國家核事故應急協(xié)調委員會(huì )日常工作。在省(區、市)層面，設立核應急協(xié)調機構。核設施營(yíng)運單位設立核應急組織。國家和各相關(guān)省(區、市)以及核設施營(yíng)運單位建立專(zhuān)家委員會(huì )或支撐機構，為核應急準備與響應提供決策咨詢(xún)和建議。
IV.Building and Maintenance of Nuclear Emergency CapabilitiesV.Main Measures to Cope with NuclearAccidents
核事故應對處置主要措施
By referring the advanced international standardsand drawing on worldwide mature experience, Chinahas defined working measures to control, mitigateand cope with nuclear accidents commensuratewith its national conditions and actual situation ofnuclear energy development.
中國參照國際先進(jìn)標準，汲取國際成熟經(jīng)驗，結合國情和核能發(fā)展實(shí)際，制定了控制、緩解、應對核事故的工作措施。
Implementing the defense-in-depth concept. Five lines of defense have been set up underwhich the nuclear emergency preparedness threshold is moved ahead and multiple barriers areinstalled to strengthen nuclear safety, prevent accidents and mitigate the consequences of anaccident. The five lines of defense are: First, the quality of design, manufacturing,construction and operation shall be assured to prevent deviation from normal operation;second, operation procedures and operation technical specifications shall be rigorously followedand observed to ensure that each nuclear generating unit is operated within the defined safetyrange, any deviations therefrom are detected and corrected in a timely manner, and anyabnormal operation is controlled to prevent it from evolving into an accident; third, in case adeviation fails to be corrected in a timely manner, plant safety and protection systems shallbe automatically activated upon occurrence of an accident within the design datum, andemergency operationsshall be organized to prevent the situation deteriorating; fourth, in casean accident fails to be controlled effectively, accident handling procedures shall be activatedwith the accident management strategy enforced to ensure that the containment shall remainintact and no radioactive substances are released into the environment; and fifth, in the eventof failure of the above-mentioned lines of defense, off-site emergency actions shall beimmediately activated in an effort to minimize any impact from the accident on the public orthe environment. Meanwhile, multiple physical barriers shall be set up to ensure thatmultiple lines of defense are in place to prevent and control release of radioactivesubstances into the environment.
實(shí)施縱深防御。設置五道防線(xiàn)，前移核應急關(guān)口，多重屏障強化核電安全，防止事故與減輕事故后果。一是保證設計、制造、建造、運行等質(zhì)量，預防偏離正常運行。二是嚴格執行運行規程，遵守運行技術(shù)規范，使機組運行在限定的安全區間以?xún)�，及時(shí)檢測和糾正偏差，對非正常運行加以控制，防止演變?yōu)槭鹿�。三是如果偏差未能及時(shí)糾正，發(fā)生設計基準事故時(shí)，自動(dòng)啟用電廠(chǎng)安全系統和保護系統，組織應急運行，防止事故惡化。四是如果事故未能得到有效控制，啟動(dòng)事故處理規程，實(shí)施事故管理策略，保證安全殼不被破壞，防止放射性物質(zhì)外泄。五是在極端情況下，如果以上各道防線(xiàn)均告失效，立即進(jìn)行場(chǎng)外應急響應行動(dòng)，努力減輕事故對公眾和環(huán)境的影響。同時(shí)，設置多道實(shí)體屏障，確保層層設防，防止和控制放射性物質(zhì)釋入環(huán)境。
Exercising a tiered response scheme. The level of a nuclear accident shall be determined inaccordance with the nature and seriousness of the accident and scope of effect fromradiation, based on the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES) guidelines ofthe International Atomic Energy Agency. The nuclear emergency preparedness condition isdivided into Emergency Standby, Building Emergency, On-Site Emergency and Off-SiteEmergency, which respectively correspond to Level IV response, Level III response, Level IIresponse and Level I response. The first three levels of response mainly focus on theorganization and implementation of emergency actions within the site. Off-Site Emergencyshall be announced with its corresponding Level I response activated upon occurrence ofrelease or possible release of a large quantity of radioactive substances into theenvironment in which accident consequences have crossed boundaries of the site, with thepossibility of seriously jeopardizing public health and environmental safety.
實(shí)行分級響應。參照國際原子能機構核事故事件分級表，根據核事故性質(zhì)、嚴重程度及輻射后果影響范圍，確定核事故級別。核應急狀態(tài)分為應急待命、廠(chǎng)房應急、場(chǎng)區應急、場(chǎng)外應急，分別對應Ⅳ級響應、Ⅲ級響應、Ⅱ級響應、Ⅰ級響應。前三級響應，主要針對場(chǎng)區范圍內的應急需要組織實(shí)施。當出現或可能出現向環(huán)境釋放大量放射性物質(zhì)，事故后果超越場(chǎng)區邊界并可能?chē)乐匚＜肮娊】岛铜h(huán)境安全時(shí)，進(jìn)入場(chǎng)外應急，啟動(dòng)Ⅰ級響應。
Deploying actions of response. Every level of nuclear emergency organization shall implementthe following response actions in whole or in part depending upon the nature and seriousnessof the accident:
部署響應行動(dòng)。核事故發(fā)生后，各級核應急組織根據事故性質(zhì)和嚴重程度，實(shí)施以下全部或部分響應行動(dòng)。
Mitigating and controlling the accident in a timely manner. A professional force, equipmentand supplies shall be thrown into immediate engineering emergency measures to mitigateand control any accident in an attempt to bring the relevant nuclear installation back to a safecondition while preventing or minimizing the release of radioactive substances into theenvironment.
迅速緩解控制事故。立即組織專(zhuān)業(yè)力量、裝備和物資等開(kāi)展工程搶險，緩解并控制事故，努力使核設施恢復到安全狀態(tài)，防止或減少放射性物質(zhì)向環(huán)境釋放。
Conducting radiation monitoring and consequence assessment. Radiation monitoring shallbe conducted at the site of the accident and areas affected and doses possibly absorbed bypersonnel shall be measured. Observation/surveillance and forecast on meteorological,hydrological, geological and seismic impacts shall be provided on a real-time basis. The accidentconditions shall be diagnosed and substances released shall be analyzed to determine theaccident evolution trend, evaluate radiation consequences and define the areas affected.
開(kāi)展輻射監測和后果評價(jià)。在事故現場(chǎng)和受影響地區開(kāi)展放射性監測以及人員受照劑量監測等。實(shí)時(shí)開(kāi)展氣象、水文、地質(zhì)、地震等觀(guān)(監)測預報。開(kāi)展事故工況診斷和釋放源項分析，研判事故發(fā)展趨勢，評價(jià)輻射后果，判定受影響區域范圍。
Organizing personnel to implement emergency protection actions. If radioactive isotope ofiodine has already been released or may be released arising from an accident, a professionalteam shall organize the public within a given area to take stable iodine pills to minimizeradiation exposure to the thyroid gland. The people in the affected area shall be dulyorganized to take emergency protection measures deemed necessary, including hiding,evacuating, seeking temporary shelter or permanently moving out in order to prevent orminimize injuries from radiation exposure. Psychological assistance shall be provided in atimely manner to minimize social anxiety and panic.
組織人員實(shí)施應急防護行動(dòng)。當事故已經(jīng)或可能導致碘放射性同位素釋放，由專(zhuān)業(yè)組織及時(shí)安排一定區域內公眾服用穩定碘，以減少甲狀腺的受照劑量。適時(shí)組織受輻射影響地區人員采取隱蔽、撤離、臨時(shí)避遷或永久遷出等應急防護措施，避免或減少受到輻射損傷。及時(shí)開(kāi)展心理援助，撫慰社會(huì )公眾情緒，減輕社會(huì )恐慌。
Arranging decontamination and medical treatment. Professionals shall be dispatched to removeor minimize radioactive pollution affecting people, equipment, premises and theenvironment. A nuclear emergency preparedness medical rescue force shall be organized toperform medical diagnoses, case identification and medical treatment, including on-site first-aid treatment, local hospital treatment and backup professional treatment.
實(shí)施去污洗消和醫療救治。由專(zhuān)業(yè)人員去除或降低人員、設備、場(chǎng)所、環(huán)境等放射性污染。組織核應急醫學(xué)救援力量實(shí)施醫學(xué)診斷、分類(lèi)，開(kāi)展醫療救治，包括現場(chǎng)緊急救治、地方醫院救治和后方專(zhuān)業(yè)救治等。
Controlling access passages and ports. Zones shall be demarcated according to the areasaffected and strict control shall be enforced over the passage of people, vehicles, equipmentand supplies in and out of the designated passages. People, vehicles, cargo containers, goods,travelers' belongings and parcels moving in or out of the border checkpoints shall be screenedfor radiation detection and control.
控制出入通道和口岸。根據受事故影響區域具體情況，劃定警戒區，設定出入通道，嚴格控制各類(lèi)人員、車(chē)輛、設備和物資出入。對出入境人員、交通工具、集裝箱、貨物、行李物品、郵包快件等實(shí)施放射性污染檢測與控制。
Strengthening market supervision and regulation. Necessities shall be subject to marketsupervision and regulation in a timely manner in line with the supply of market and thepublic psych in the areas affected. Manufacturing, processing, circulation and consumption ofcontaminated food and drinking water shall be banned or limited, so as to prevent orminimize the intake of radioactive substances.
加強市場(chǎng)監管與調控。針對受事故影響地區市場(chǎng)供應及公眾心理狀況，及時(shí)進(jìn)行重要生活必需品的市場(chǎng)監管和調控。禁止或限制受污染食品和飲用水的生產(chǎn)、加工、流通和食用，避免或減少放射性物質(zhì)攝入。
Maintaining social order. Illegal or criminal acts, such as spreading rumors to create panic,shall be dealt with rigorously. Additional makeshift police posts shall be established toreinforce security patrols in important locations such as settlement sites and storage placesfor rescue supplies. Security for important premises such as the site of the nuclear accidentshall be enhanced, and traffic control in the surrounding areas shall be properly coordinatedaccording to actual needs.
維護社會(huì )治安。嚴厲打擊借機傳播謠言、制造恐慌等違法犯罪行為。在群眾安置點(diǎn)、搶險救援物資存放點(diǎn)等重點(diǎn)地區，增設臨時(shí)警務(wù)站，加強治安巡邏。強化核事故現場(chǎng)等重要場(chǎng)所警戒保衛，根據需要做好周邊地區交通管制等工作。
Releasing accurate official information. Accurate and official information shall be duly publishedto the public by the central, provincial (regional or municipal) governments and operators ofnuclear installations in accordance with International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) practice,and the laws and regulations of China to ensure that information with respect to nuclearaccident status, effects on the public and individual protection measures shall be disclosed tothe public in an open, transparent and timely manner.
發(fā)布權威準確信息。參照國際原子能機構做法，根據中國法律法規，由國家、省(區、市)和核設施營(yíng)運單位適時(shí)向社會(huì )發(fā)布準確、權威信息，及時(shí)將核事故狀態(tài)、影響和社會(huì )公眾應注意的事項、需要個(gè)人進(jìn)行防護的措施告知公眾，確保信息公開(kāi)、透明。
Doing well in notifying the international community and requesting for help. Notification shallbe given to the international community in accordance with the Convention on EarlyNotification of a Nuclear Accident of the IAEA. Request for assistance shall be made to theIAEA and the world community in accordance with the Convention on Assistance in the Case ofa Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency of the IAEA, depending upon the actual situation.
做好國際通報與申請援助。按照國際原子能機構《及早通報核事故公約》要求，做好向國際社會(huì )的通報。按照國際原子能機構《核事故或輻射緊急情況援助公約》要求，視情向國際原子能機構和國際社會(huì )申請核應急救援。
Establishing a robust system of technical standards for national nuclear emergencypreparedness. A complete system of technical standards for national nuclear emergencypreparedness shall be established, and it covers the standards for classification of nuclearpower plant emergency planning zones, nuclear accidents and emergency status,implementation of emergency protection actions, and definition of emergencyintervention principles and levels of intervention, so as to provide a primary technicalguideline for the implementation of nuclear emergency preparedness and response.
建立健全國家核應急技術(shù)標準體系。建立包括設置核電廠(chǎng)應急計劃區、核事故分級、應急狀態(tài)分級、開(kāi)展應急防護行動(dòng)、實(shí)施應急干預原則與干預水平等完整系統的國家核應急技術(shù)標準體系，為組織實(shí)施核應急準備與響應提供基本技術(shù)指南。
Strengthening emergency on-duty system. An emergency on-duty system shall be establishedto ensure that each level of nuclear emergency organization stays on-duty 24 hours a day.National contact points for nuclear emergency preparedness under the national nuclear accidentemergency office shall be on duty for nuclear emergency preparedness to collect informationabout domestic nuclear installations and keep the IAEA updated.
加強應急值班。建立核應急值班體系，各級核應急組織保持24小時(shí)值班備勤。在國家核事故應急辦公室設立核應急國家聯(lián)絡(luò )點(diǎn)，負責核應急值班，及時(shí)掌握國內核設施情況，保持與國際原子能機構信息暢通。
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