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英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作的邏輯結構
每一種寫(xiě)作,無(wú)論是求職信、申請信、新聞報道、科幻小說(shuō)都有各自的結構。這種結構就是文章的骨架,是文章的基本要素,下面是小編精心整理的英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作的邏輯結構,歡迎大家借鑒與參考,希望對大家有所幫助。
1、分類(lèi)結構:
在分類(lèi)結構中,一系列同樣重要的主題將被闡述。政治演說(shuō),如競選演說(shuō),甚至國情咨文演說(shuō),都是分類(lèi)結構的例子。求職信中你可能會(huì )使用類(lèi)似的結構,因為你會(huì )描述使你成為這個(gè)職位理想人選的所有特質(zhì)。
Categorical: In a categorical structure, a series of equally important topics are addressed. A political speech, like a campaign speech or even The State of the Union Address, is a good example of categorical writing. You might use a similar structure in a cover letter for a job application, in which you describe all of your traits that would make you an ideal candidate for the position.
2、評價(jià)結構:
在評價(jià)結構中,一個(gè)問(wèn)題會(huì )首先被引入,然后作者再進(jìn)行利弊的權衡。在寫(xiě)電子郵件時(shí),你可以使用一個(gè)評價(jià)結構來(lái)詢(xún)問(wèn)一個(gè)好朋友的建議。
Evaluative: In an evaluative structure, a problem is introduced, and then pros and cons are weighed. You might employ an evaluative structure when writing an e-mail to ask a close friend for advice.
3、時(shí)間邏輯結構:
當你的注意力更多地是真實(shí)地講述故事而不是最終結果時(shí),就采用時(shí)間順序結構。想想笑話(huà)是怎么講的:”三個(gè)家伙走進(jìn)酒吧……“ 設置一系列事件來(lái)傳遞最后的Punchline(關(guān)鍵語(yǔ)、笑料)。同樣的,大多數短篇故事和小說(shuō)都是以時(shí)間順序進(jìn)行的。
Chronological: When your focus is more the actual telling of the story than the end result, employ a chronological structure. Think of joke telling. "Three guys walk into a bar…" sets up a sequence of events to deliver that final punch line. Similarly, most short stories and novels are written chronologically.
4、對比結構:
對比結構類(lèi)似于評價(jià)結構,但是這種結構用于要分析的目標有更多的層級需要衡量的情況。在準備辯論賽的辯論稿時(shí),你可以用對比結構來(lái)闡述你的觀(guān)點(diǎn)比對方的觀(guān)點(diǎn)強的原因。你也可以用對比結構闡述你為什么覺(jué)得市議會(huì )提高當地稅收的決定是不正確的。
Comparative: This structure is similar to evaluative, but it is used when there are more layers to the situation at hand that is being weighed. You might use a comparative structure if you were writing a speech for a debate team to explain the various reasons why you feel your point is stronger than your opponent’s. Or you might use a comparative structure to write a letter to the editor explaining all the reasons you disagree with the city council’s decision to raise local taxes.
5、順序結構:
順序結構與時(shí)間邏輯結構相似,但是這種結構通常會(huì )包含一種指引性的語(yǔ)氣和一步一步的過(guò)程的說(shuō)明。如果你想要教別人怎么做巧克力千層蛋糕、或者怎么找到當地的住宿,你都應該用這種結構寫(xiě)作,用上“首先“、“然后”、“接著(zhù)”、“最后”等詞。
Sequential: This structure is similar to Chronological, but is normally employed with a how-to voice when a step-by-step process is being described. If you were going to write about how to make your famous chocolate layer cake, or how to get to a great bed-and-breakfast you discovered out in the country, you would write sequentially, using words like, "First," "Next," "Then," and "Finally" to clarify your instructions.
6、因果結構:
這個(gè)結構一看其來(lái)似乎跟對比結構相似,但這種結構里面不包含不同內容之間的比較,而是探討一件事情的起因和結果。你可以用這種結構探討空氣污染的原因,或者寫(xiě)信說(shuō)明你為什么要辭職。
Causal: This structure might at first glance seem similar to Comparative structures, but it differs in that it does not involve weighing options against one another. Instead, it discusses the causes and then the effects regarding a particular topic or issue in that order. You might use this structure if you were writing an article on how something has come about, such as the contributing factors to air pollution. Or you might employ this technique in a letter explaining why you have decided to resign from your job.
在知道了各種不同的寫(xiě)作邏輯結構之后,開(kāi)始去關(guān)注你接觸到的文章的“骨架”吧。無(wú)論是看報紙雜志或者網(wǎng)絡(luò )文章,你都應該留意一下它們的基本論點(diǎn)都是怎么組織的。好的寫(xiě)作者會(huì )持續不斷地關(guān)注自己所閱讀的東西來(lái)磨練自己的技巧。
Now that you know about the different kinds of structures, start paying attention to the skeletons of all the pieces of writing around you. The next time you flip through a magazine in a doctor’s waiting room, or skim through a weekly e-newsletter that you subscribe to, or even read a letter from a friend, take some time to x-ray the writing and see how its bare bones are connected. Good writers hone their skills by being constantly aware of what they’re reading.
拓展:英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作結構技巧
一、三段成文,段段緊扣主旨
考博英語(yǔ)作文可安排為三段式結構,每個(gè)段落都為圖中所表達的中心主旨服務(wù)。
第一段:考生應根據所給的文字敘述內容,提煉主題。根據要求擬定文章提綱,確定文章結構以及思想。第一段的主要內容為全篇文章的中心主旨句及要闡述的觀(guān)點(diǎn)。
第二段:分兩至三個(gè)分論點(diǎn),文中可以附加例子來(lái)對中心論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行論證和照應。
第三段:總結觀(guān)點(diǎn),在此深化印證中心論點(diǎn),并提出建議、建議的原因以及解決措施。
二、段首點(diǎn)睛,寫(xiě)好中心主旨句
各個(gè)段首是做文章最重要的句子,一方面句首一般為段落的中心主旨句,在對圖畫(huà)進(jìn)行整體和細節的描述之后,對整個(gè)段落進(jìn)行總結,提煉出中心主旨句。另一方面,段首是閱卷老師首先看到的句子,閱卷老師的“第一眼”直接決定了考生的作文成績(jì)。閃光的段首句可以畫(huà)龍點(diǎn)睛,從而提高整體的作文分數。
三、尾句升華,完美展現功底
結尾句與段首句同樣重要,有一個(gè)好的結尾總述段落,回扣全文的中心主旨,是一篇文章結構完成與否的重要前提。同樣,段尾句也是閱卷老師落眼的“寶地”,漂亮的結尾是能讓考生英語(yǔ)功底良好的展現出來(lái)。要寫(xiě)好段落結尾句,首先應該做到?jīng)]有語(yǔ)病,其次是語(yǔ)言表述夠新穎,最后,做到升華主旨,讓文章完美收官。
拓展:英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作中的“結構重組”寫(xiě)作技巧
。1)簡(jiǎn)單句類(lèi)(所謂簡(jiǎn)單句,即是含有一個(gè)動(dòng)詞的句子)
看一例:他嗓門(mén)大。最容易翻譯成:His voice is loud .
評語(yǔ):超級直白
而更好的翻譯是:He has a loud voice. 其實(shí)就成了 他有一個(gè)大嗓門(mén)。如果第一步便翻譯成he has a loud voice,恭喜,你就被歸入少數具備英語(yǔ)思維的高手類(lèi)了,就這么簡(jiǎn)單。
對策:多多積攢類(lèi)似例句,然后多多模仿。
試一個(gè):她身材好,便可翻譯成:She has a good figure.
。2)復雜句類(lèi)
看一例:我抬頭一看,只見(jiàn)一群衣衫襤褸的孩子,默默無(wú)聲得站于四周,觀(guān)看著(zhù)我倆進(jìn)餐。
按照原文語(yǔ)序很容易翻成:I looked up and saw that a group of children in rags surrounding us silently and seeing us eating dinner.
評語(yǔ):直白,動(dòng)詞堆砌,不流暢。
先準備語(yǔ)言信息:抬頭一看:look up;衣衫襤褸的孩子:children in rags;默默:silently;觀(guān)看:look at 。最后范文是:Looking up, I saw that we were surrounded by children in rags who were looking at us as we ate .
分析:范文用到了現在分詞作伴隨 狀語(yǔ)(looking up,),主動(dòng)意思由被動(dòng)形式表達,(were surrounded by)并設計出一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句來(lái)(who were looking at us as we ate)原文中看不出來(lái)定語(yǔ)(…的)痕跡。
對策:含有多個(gè)動(dòng)詞的句子,將動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行主次區分,次要動(dòng)詞非謂語(yǔ)化,主要動(dòng)詞謂語(yǔ)化,附帶從句設計,定語(yǔ)從句首當其沖現行被考慮。
總之,寫(xiě)句子時(shí),不要立馬下手,凝神定氣,多三思,在結構安排上有所建樹(shù)和創(chuàng )新,大膽將信息重組,結構優(yōu)化,力圖寫(xiě)出地道的英文句子,這是個(gè)長(cháng)期的功夫。
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