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英文演講如何掌握話(huà)題過(guò)渡技巧
在演講的過(guò)程中,若是結束了上一個(gè)話(huà)題,如何開(kāi)始下一個(gè)話(huà)題?這就是我們今天講的話(huà)題過(guò)渡。在演講中,若是你引導的途徑越順暢,那么聽(tīng)眾的積極性就會(huì )越高。過(guò)渡是成功演講的重要環(huán)節之一,它可以使講話(huà)順利向下進(jìn)行,同時(shí)它還是一盞信號燈,告訴你的聽(tīng)眾做好進(jìn)入下一環(huán)節的準備。知道了話(huà)題過(guò)渡的重要性,如何使用過(guò)渡詞?看看下面英文演講如何掌握話(huà)題過(guò)渡技巧吧!
在兩個(gè)話(huà)題間過(guò)渡:
-Having dealt with A,I now want to move on to B.
-From A,it follows that ...B
-You may have noticed that in A,….now in B.
-As a consequence of A...,B...
-Although in A we showed...,in B...
-One exception to A is ...B
-...and this leads us to ...
-...which brings me to my next point...
-So much for A,let's look at B.
-That covers A,so what about B?
-If we're all happy with that,where do we go from here?
-As regards (X),however,the situation is somewhat different.
次要話(huà)題:
-In this context it is worth mentioning...
-As an extension of this...
-It's also true that...
-One further point to add is..
-If I can diGREss for a moment...
-Perhaps I might also mention that...
-As an afterthought,(how,what) about...
-I will just touch on one other point in passing...
-Before we leave this subject,it's worth saying that...
回歸主題:
-But this is taking us away from the main theme...
-To return to the main point/subject.
-Picking up where we left off
-As I was saying before that diGREssion/interruption.
-To continue the main discussion...
-Going back to what I was saying...
-I mentioned earlier...
闡述兩個(gè)要點(diǎn)間的聯(lián)系:
-As I said earlier/before...
-You will recall that earlier I said...
-You may have been wondering why I said...
-When I was talking about this point earlier I said...
-In my introduction I said...
-Five minutes ago I said...
-You may have noticed that...
-I mentioned earlier that...
-Let me pick up a reference made earlier to...
結束語(yǔ):
-In conclusion,I'd like to…
-I'd like to finish by…
-Finally…
-By way of conclusion…
-I hope I have made myself understood
-I hope you have found this useful
-I hope this has given you some idea/clear idea/an outline of…
-Let me end by saying…
-That,then was all I had to say on…
-That concludes our presentation…
-I hope I've managed to give you a clearer picture of…
-If there are any questions,I'd be delighted to…
-Thank you for your attention…
-Let's break for a coffee at this point
-I am afraid that the clock is against us,so we had better stop here
-You have been a very attentive audience---thank you
擴展:英文演講技巧盤(pán)點(diǎn)
一、善用空間的演講
所謂空間就是指進(jìn)行演說(shuō)的場(chǎng)所范圍、演講者所在之處以及與聽(tīng)眾間的距離等等。演說(shuō)者所在之處以位居聽(tīng)眾注意力容易匯集的地方最為理想。例如開(kāi)會(huì )的時(shí)候、主席多半位居會(huì )議桌的上方、因為該處正是最容易匯集出席者注意力的地方。
反之,如果主席位居會(huì )議桌之正中央,則會(huì )議的進(jìn)行情況會(huì )變如何呢?恐怕會(huì )使出席者注意力散漫了,且有會(huì )議冗長(cháng)不休的感覺(jué)?因此,讓自己位居聽(tīng)眾注意力容易匯集之處,不但能夠提升聽(tīng)眾對于演講的關(guān)注,甚至具有增強演說(shuō)者信賴(lài)度權威感的效果。
二、演講應注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題
1、演講時(shí)的姿勢
演說(shuō)時(shí)的姿勢(posture)也會(huì )帶給聽(tīng)眾某種印象,例如堂堂正正的印象或者畏畏縮縮的印象。雖然個(gè)人的性格與平日的習慣對此影響頗巨,不過(guò)一般而言仍有方便演講的姿勢,即所謂“輕松的姿勢”。要讓身體放松,反過(guò)來(lái)說(shuō)就是不要過(guò)度緊張。過(guò)度的緊張不但會(huì )表現出笨拙僵硬的姿勢,而且對于舌頭的動(dòng)作也會(huì )造成不良的影響。
訣竅之一是張開(kāi)雙腳與肩同寬,挺穩整個(gè)身軀。另一個(gè)訣竅是想辦法擴散并減輕施加在身體上的緊張情緒。例如將一只手稍微插入口袋中,或者手觸桌邊、或者手握麥克風(fēng)等等。
2、演講時(shí)的視線(xiàn)在大眾面前說(shuō)話(huà),亦即表示必須忍受眾目睽睽的注視。當然,并非每位聽(tīng)眾都會(huì )對你報以善意的眼光。盡管如此,你還是不可以漠視聽(tīng)眾的眼光,避開(kāi)聽(tīng)眾的視線(xiàn)來(lái)說(shuō)話(huà)。尤其當你走到麥克風(fēng)旁邊站立在大眾面前的那一瞬間,來(lái)自聽(tīng)眾的視線(xiàn)有時(shí)甚至會(huì )讓你覺(jué)得刺痛。
克服這股視線(xiàn)壓力的秘訣,就是一面進(jìn)行演講;一面從聽(tīng)眾當中找尋對于自己投以善意而溫柔眼光的人。并且無(wú)視于那些冷淡的眼光。此外,把自己的視線(xiàn)投向強烈“點(diǎn)頭”以示首肯的人,對鞏固信心來(lái)進(jìn)行演說(shuō)也具有效果。
3、演講時(shí)的臉部表情
演講時(shí)的臉部表情無(wú)論好壞都會(huì )帶給聽(tīng)眾極其深刻的印象。緊張、疲勞、喜悅、焦慮、等情緒無(wú)不清楚地表露在臉上,這是很難藉由本人的意志來(lái)加以控制的。演講的內容即使再精彩,如果表情總覺(jué)缺乏自信,老是畏畏縮縮,演講就很容易變得欠缺說(shuō)服力。
控制臉部的方法,首先“不可垂頭”。人一旦“垂頭”就會(huì )予人“喪氣”之感,而且若視線(xiàn)不能與聽(tīng)眾接觸,就難以吸引聽(tīng)眾的注意。另一個(gè)方法是“緩慢說(shuō)話(huà)”。說(shuō)話(huà)速度一旦緩慢,情緒即可穩定,臉部表情也得以放松,再者,全身上下也能夠為之泰然自若起來(lái)。
4、有關(guān)服飾和發(fā)型
服裝也會(huì )帶給觀(guān)眾各種印象。尤其是東方男性總是喜歡穿著(zhù)灰色或者藍色系列的服裝,難免給人過(guò)于刻板無(wú)趣印象。輕松的場(chǎng)合不妨穿著(zhù)稍微花俏一點(diǎn)的服裝來(lái)參加。不過(guò)如果是正式的場(chǎng)合,一般來(lái)說(shuō)仍以深色西服、男士無(wú)尾晚宴服、以及燕尾服為宜。其次,發(fā)型也可塑造出各種形象來(lái)。長(cháng)發(fā)和光頭各自蘊含其強烈的形象,而鬢角的長(cháng)短也被認為是個(gè)人喜好的表征。站出來(lái)演講之際,你的服裝、究竟帶給對方何種印象?希望大家好好地思量一番。
5、聲音和腔調
聲音和腔調乃是與生俱來(lái)的,不可能一朝一夕之間有所改善。不過(guò)音質(zhì)與措詞對于整個(gè)演說(shuō)影響頗巨,這倒是事實(shí)。根據某項研究報告指出聲音低沉的男性比聲音高亢的男性,其信賴(lài)度較高。因為聲音低沉會(huì )讓人有種威嚴沉著(zhù)的感覺(jué)。盡管如此,各位還是不可能馬上就改變自己的聲音?傊,重要的是讓自己的聲音清楚地傳達給聽(tīng)眾。即使是音質(zhì)不好的人,如果能夠稟持自己的主張與信念的話(huà),依舊可以吸引聽(tīng)眾的熱切關(guān)注。
說(shuō)話(huà)的速度也是演講的要素。為了營(yíng)造沉著(zhù)的氣氛,說(shuō)話(huà)稍微慢點(diǎn)是很重要。標準大致為5分鐘三張左右的A4原稿,不過(guò),此地要注意的是,倘若從頭至尾一直以相同的速度來(lái)進(jìn)行,聽(tīng)眾會(huì )睡覺(jué)的。
三、英文演講和中文演講的區別
我們的社會(huì )政治情況與國外不太一樣。美國人從小學(xué)開(kāi)始就要競選這個(gè)、競選那個(gè),比如俱樂(lè )部經(jīng)理、學(xué)生會(huì )主席,跟政治競選差不多,所以他們的講演發(fā)達,在講演培訓方面也開(kāi)展得比較好。在西方國家,特別是英語(yǔ)國家更加重視演講。中國在這方面滯后了一點(diǎn)兒,但是現在講演的風(fēng)氣開(kāi)始興盛,這很是令人喜悅。隨著(zhù)我們對外經(jīng)貿、外交關(guān)系的拓展,學(xué)英語(yǔ)講英語(yǔ)的形勢更加喜人。
那么,英文演講和中文演講相比有哪些區別呢?實(shí)際上一樣,關(guān)鍵在于了解演講對象,減少冗余信息。中文演講和英文演講實(shí)際上是一樣的,關(guān)鍵是看你演講的對象。不管是用中文還是用英文演講,首先你要對自己的聽(tīng)眾要有一個(gè)很好的了解。在國外講演,講演超過(guò)半個(gè)小時(shí),你就要考慮這個(gè)時(shí)間是不是快到了,絕不要超過(guò)50分鐘。而且應該留出一半以上的時(shí)間讓聽(tīng)眾來(lái)提問(wèn)題。在中國情況就有所不同,實(shí)際上現在中國人也愿意聽(tīng)短話(huà),特別是沒(méi)有什么信息量的套話(huà)說(shuō)法。
在講演當中,語(yǔ)言文字的運用很重要。第一,語(yǔ)言表達純熟清晰。第二,以對方習慣的方式、喜歡的方式來(lái)講。第三,要有內容。當聽(tīng)眾通過(guò)贊揚英文的辦法來(lái)贊揚你時(shí),例如觀(guān)眾對你說(shuō)Articulate,這是表示你講得非常清晰,你聽(tīng)到這樣的評語(yǔ)之后,實(shí)際上就說(shuō)明你的內容已經(jīng)打動(dòng)了人。適應聽(tīng)眾思維習慣,在講演一定要注意觀(guān)眾的反映。我的講話(huà)就是半個(gè)小時(shí),必要的時(shí)候縮短20分鐘。我看大家睜著(zhù)眼睛很安安靜靜的在聽(tīng),我就多講幾句。講話(huà)不要長(cháng),講20分鐘就可以打住了,然后讓人家提問(wèn)題,這個(gè)10分鐘是有效的10分鐘,你可以根據他們提的問(wèn)題,不完全是切中這個(gè)問(wèn)題放大放開(kāi)講。
學(xué)習英語(yǔ)也沒(méi)有什么捷徑可走。
一是慢慢積累,不要放棄;A一定要打好,特別是語(yǔ)法的基礎。在學(xué)校學(xué)的時(shí)間不長(cháng),但是基礎必須非常穩固。
二是多看、多讀、多模仿。英語(yǔ)開(kāi)始就是模仿,注意外國人的表達方法。另一方面要非常注意閱讀。像《新聞周刊》、《時(shí)代》等等,而且是越看不明白的東西越看。
三是要記錄。寫(xiě)有用的短語(yǔ)、詞句,要把它記下來(lái),而且要注意比較外國人和中國不同的表達法。舉個(gè)例子,中國人講話(huà)的時(shí)候,謝謝大家對我的熱烈歡迎,很平實(shí)的。英語(yǔ)國家的人講這么一句話(huà),“Thank you for the warm hospitality that makes me feel so welcome!币馑季褪恰爸x謝你們的好客,這個(gè)好客使我感覺(jué)到自己如此受歡迎”。假如你沒(méi)有看過(guò)英文、聽(tīng)過(guò)英文,你絕對不能想到這么表達。所以你就要學(xué),就要聽(tīng)。我們不能說(shuō)我學(xué)的時(shí)候學(xué)了,自己講得時(shí)候還照中文講,不能這樣,要用英文來(lái)思維,越是覺(jué)得有點(diǎn)怪怪的,越是要學(xué)的。時(shí)間久而久之,你就不會(huì )講中式英文。
四、英文演講的要素
演講是一門(mén)藝術(shù),好的英文演講比賽究竟用什么樣的標準來(lái)評判?
1、演講要素12項
這就是Presenting Skills(演說(shuō)技巧):
(1)Know your topic(知道你要講什么題目)。
(2)Know your audience(了解你的聽(tīng)眾)。
(3)Know your start and stop times,as well as who else is on(知道你開(kāi)始和停止的時(shí)間以及除你之外還有誰(shuí)要講話(huà))。
(4)Know what you want people to do differently and tell them(對你所說(shuō)的和人們所做的有什么不同,心中要有數,并讓聽(tīng)眾知道)。
(5)Make major points.(寫(xiě)下你的講話(huà)要點(diǎn))。
(6)Check all yourequipment,sound,lighting and seating arrangements.(檢查你的器材、音響、燈光和座位)。
(7)Ask someone you trust and respect to constructively critique you.(請一個(gè)你所信任和尊敬的人對你的講稿提出建設性的批評和意見(jiàn))。
(8)Relax before you go on.(演講前要放松) 。
(9)Practise,practise,practise.
(10)Remember that even if you miss a bit or forget a couple of lines,nobody knows except you.(記住即或你漏掉一點(diǎn)或忘掉幾行,除了你自己,別人是不會(huì )發(fā)現的)。
(11)Omit telling jokes unless you are already a good joke-teller or plan to get better.(收起你想講的笑話(huà),除非你已經(jīng)擅長(cháng)講笑話(huà)或者計劃在這方面有所提高)。
(12)Have fun(要有趣味)。
2、演講切忌
Talking too rapidly;語(yǔ)速太快;Speaking in a monotone;聲音單調;Using too high a vocal pitch;聲音尖細;Talking and not saying much;“談”得太多,說(shuō)得太少;Presenting without enough emotion or passion;感情不充分;Talking down to the audience;對觀(guān)眾采取一種居高臨下的姿態(tài);Using too many "big" words;夸張的詞語(yǔ)使用得太多;Using abstractions without giving concrete examples;使用抽象概念而不給出事例加以說(shuō)明;Using unfamiliar technical jargon;使用別人不熟悉的技術(shù)術(shù)語(yǔ);Using slang or profanity;使用俚語(yǔ)或粗俗語(yǔ);Disorganized and rambling performance;演講無(wú)組織,散亂無(wú)序;Indirect communication i.e.beating around the bush;說(shuō)話(huà)繞彎子,不切中主題;
3、怎樣與聽(tīng)眾交流A message worth communicating;要有值得交流的觀(guān)點(diǎn);Gain the listeners' atention: capture their interest and build their trust;引起聽(tīng)眾的注意:抓住他們的興趣并贏(yíng)得信任;Emphasize understanding;重視理解;Obtain their feedback;獲得反饋;Watch your emotional tone;注意聲調要有感情;Persuade the audience;說(shuō)服聽(tīng)眾;
4、怎樣變得自信Smile and glance at the audience;微笑并看著(zhù)觀(guān)眾;Start very slowly,with your shoulders back and your chin up;開(kāi)始發(fā)言時(shí)要慢一點(diǎn),身體保持昂首挺胸的姿態(tài);Open your speech by saying something very frankly;開(kāi)場(chǎng)白說(shuō)一些真誠話(huà);Wear your very best clothes;穿上自己最好的衣服;Say something positive to yourself;對自己說(shuō)一些積極的話(huà);
5、演講的四個(gè)目標To offer information;提供信息;To entertain the audience;使聽(tīng)眾感到樂(lè )趣;To touch emotions;動(dòng)之以情;To move to action;使聽(tīng)眾行動(dòng)起來(lái);
6、怎樣組織演講To have a structure: such as first,second,third; geographically,north,south,east,west; compare and contrasts; our side versus their side; negative and positive;要有一個(gè)結構:可以分一二三點(diǎn);可以從地理上分東南西北;比較與對比;我方與他方;正面與反面;To label the materials such as jokes,funny anecdotes,favorite sayings,interesting statistics;將材料歸類(lèi)整理,如笑話(huà)、趣事、名人名言、有趣的數據;To use notecards;使用卡片;
7、怎樣使用卡片Number your cards on the top right;在卡片的右上角標上數字;Write a complete sentence on both your first and last card;在第一張和最后一張上寫(xiě)上完整的句子;Write up to five key words on other cards;其他卡片上最多只能寫(xiě)五個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞;Use color to mark the words you want to emphasize;用顏色來(lái)標記你想強調的詞;Remind yourself at a particular sport to check the time.在某一處提醒自己查看時(shí)間。8、如何對付忘詞
Just smile and go to the next card.Not the one in front of you,but to the next following.Look at the first word on it.This will be the point from which you will now continue.Of course you missed part of your speech.But nobody will notice it.They will blame themselves for not following your thoughts.只需要微微一笑,繼續下一張卡片上的內容,不是擺在你目前的那張卡片,而是下一張?匆幌驴ㄆ系牡谝粋(gè)單詞,這就是你要繼續的要點(diǎn)。當然你會(huì )遺漏一部分內容,但是沒(méi)有人會(huì )注意到這一點(diǎn)。聽(tīng)眾只會(huì )責怪自己沒(méi)有跟上你的思路。
9、如何開(kāi)頭To tell a story (about yourself);講個(gè)(自己的)故事;To acknowledge the occasion of the gathering;對大家能夠聚在一起表示感謝;To pay the listeners a compliment;稱(chēng)贊一下聽(tīng)眾;To quote ;引用名人名言;To use unusual statistics;使用一些不平常的數據;To ask the audience a challenging question;問(wèn)觀(guān)眾一個(gè)挑戰性的問(wèn)題;To show a video or a slide.播放錄像帶或看幻燈片。
10、如何結尾To repeat your opening;重復你的開(kāi)頭;To summarize your presentation;概括你的演講;To close with an anecdote;以趣事結尾;To end with a call to action;以號召行動(dòng)結尾;To ask a rhetorical question;以反問(wèn)結尾;To make a statement;以一個(gè)陳述句結尾;To show an outline of your presentation.展示演講大綱。
11、眼神交流Move your eyes slowly from person to person,and pause two or three seconds with each listener;眼睛慢慢地從一個(gè)移動(dòng)到另一個(gè)人,在每一個(gè)人身上停留兩到三秒鐘時(shí)間;Look at people straight or look at the bridge of their noses or chins;眼睛直視聽(tīng)眾,或看著(zhù)他們的鼻梁或下巴;Look for the friendlier faces and smile at them one by one,then move on to the more skeptical members and smile at them one by one also;找到那些看起來(lái)比較友善的聽(tīng)眾,逐次朝他們微笑;然后目標轉向那些有些懷疑的聽(tīng)眾,也逐漸朝他們微笑;Imagine the audience in bathrobes in case you are nervous.如果你感到緊張,不妨想象聽(tīng)眾都穿著(zhù)浴衣的樣子。
12、如何使用話(huà)筒You must speak up and project your voice even if you are using a microphone;即使是用話(huà)筒,也要聲音響亮并運氣發(fā)聲;Your voice should be resonant and sustained when you speak;聲音要有回聲并能稍持續一陣兒;Pitch your voice slightly lower than normal.Listeners tend to associate credibility and authority with a relatively deep voice;音調要定得比正常講話(huà)時(shí)低一些,聽(tīng)眾往往把可信度與權威性與一個(gè)相對低沉的聲音聯(lián)系在一起;Try to end declarative sentences on a low tone without,however,trailing off in volume;盡量用降調結束陳述句,但不要減弱音量;Slow down.放慢語(yǔ)速。
13、基調發(fā)言A Keynote speech is to outline the subjects to be addressed by other speakers at an event,and to establish the tone of a meeting or program.基調發(fā)言也稱(chēng)主題演講,目的就是限定一個(gè)集會(huì )上其他演講者演講的主題,奠定一個(gè)會(huì )議或活動(dòng)的基調;{發(fā)言也直接關(guān)系到確立大會(huì )的感情基調。
14、演講指南Plan well in advance;預先計劃好;Make sure you fully understand your role in the program;保證自己充分了解在活動(dòng)中的角色;Devote care to structuring your speech logically;認真地構思演講,使其結構符合邏輯;Devote care to setting the proper tone.認真設定適當的基調。
15、如何使用設備Check light bulbs,electrical power,cable connections,outlets and contacts,switches and any moving parts;檢查電燈、電源、線(xiàn)路的連接、插座和觸電、開(kāi)關(guān)以及一些移動(dòng)部件Confirm twice that all your equipment will be available on the time of the day that you need it ;保證設備能在你使用那天正常工作,至少要確認兩次;Arrange to have back-up equipment close by and be prepared to present without visuals;準備一些后備設備以防萬(wàn)一,并做好沒(méi)有圖像資料仍能演講的準備;Remember to carry your equipment and ensure it will not be lost.記得帶上所需要用的設備,不要弄丟了。
16、緊張的典型特征Hands in pockets 手放在口袋里Increased blinking of the eyes 眨眼次數過(guò)多;Failure to make eye contact害怕眼神的接觸;Licking and biting of the lips 舔嘴唇和史嘴唇;Finger tapping 敲叩手指;Fast,jerky gestures 手勢又急又快;Cracking voices 粗啞的聲音Increased rate of speech 講話(huà)速度加快;Clearing of the throat 清嗓子;Buttocks clamped tightly together 臀部崩得緊緊的;The way to over come nervousness is breathe in deep and breathe out slowly for some times.克服緊張的辦法是調勻呼吸,深吸氣,慢呼出。
17、如何穿著(zhù)得體Dark colored suits or dresses;穿深色西裝;Red ties or scarves;空樸素的白襯衫或上衣;Black shoes,freshly polished;戴紅色的領(lǐng)帶或絲巾;Very little jewelry -worn discreetly;穿剛剛擦亮的黑色鞋子;Calm,slow gestures and slow movements;盡量不戴首飾,要戴的話(huà)要非常小心;Shoulders back,chin up.挺胸抬頭。
18、如何使有手勢Make sure all your gestures are smooth and natural;所有的動(dòng)作都應該流暢自然;Don't put your hands in your pockets;不要把手插在口袋里;Let your hands and arms drop naturally to your side ,gently fold both indesfingers together,without wringing or gripping your hands in any way;將手和手臂自然地在身體兩側下垂,輕微屈起食指,不要扭在一起或緊握拳頭;Let your hands do what they want to do as long as they don't go back into your pockets or make obscene gestures.手想要怎樣就讓它怎樣,直到它不再回到你的口袋或在聽(tīng)眾面前做一些惹人討厭的手勢。Point at imaginary objects and don't point at others with your index finger;手可以指點(diǎn)著(zhù)假想的物體,不要用食指指著(zhù)別人;Size or quantity can also easily be shown by expanding or contracting the hands;心寸的大小和數量的多少也可以通過(guò)兩手的擴張和收縮來(lái)演示;Gracefully show your audience the appropriate number of fingers by holding your hands at a 45 degree angle from your head;手抬起并與頭成四十五度角,優(yōu)雅地用手勢表示出數字;TO emphasize physical size such as length,width,hold your hands out in front you widely apart to move them up and down.如果想要強調長(cháng)度尺寸的大小,將兩手伸向前方,盡量分開(kāi),并上下移動(dòng)。
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