- 相關(guān)推薦
有關(guān)英語(yǔ)中表示強調的種種語(yǔ)法手段論文
【摘要】強調手段在英語(yǔ)交際中扮演了一個(gè)重要的角色?梢哉f(shuō)人們在交際中離不開(kāi)強調這一手段,它存在于言語(yǔ)交際的各個(gè)方面。強調手段呈現多樣化,既有語(yǔ)音手段、詞匯手段、語(yǔ)法手段,也可以采用其它手段實(shí)現強調的目的。強調手段的運用極大豐富了語(yǔ)言的交際內涵,同時(shí)也引起了學(xué)者們的廣泛關(guān)注。
【關(guān)鍵詞】強調手段 言語(yǔ)交際 語(yǔ)法手段
為了更有效地進(jìn)行思想交流,人們在使用英語(yǔ)的過(guò)程中把強調(emphasis)這一常用修辭手段用到了極致。無(wú)論在口語(yǔ)還是在書(shū)面語(yǔ)中,表示強調的例子俯拾即是,強調這一手段已成為人們生活的一部分。
在口語(yǔ)中,說(shuō)話(huà)者為了更準確、有效的表達自己的意圖,往往會(huì )把一個(gè)詞或詞組重讀、加重語(yǔ)氣、或者拖長(cháng)以示強調。說(shuō)話(huà)者在應用這一語(yǔ)音手段表示強調時(shí)顯示出巨大的靈活性和柔韌性,幾乎可以做到隨心所欲。因此初學(xué)者學(xué)習起來(lái)感覺(jué)難度大,甚至有些不可捉摸。試看下面一例:Tom came to school on foot this aftemoon.該句子看似平淡,讀起來(lái)容易,理解也不難,只需依據它的語(yǔ)法重音將其中的名詞、動(dòng)詞重讀即可。但在語(yǔ)言的實(shí)際應用中說(shuō)話(huà)者可根據交際的需要特意強調某個(gè)詞,便可以達到強調的目的,使該句子產(chǎn)生更為豐富的意義。
、賂om came to school on foot this afiemoon.(強調主語(yǔ))
(下劃線(xiàn)部分表示重讀)
、赥om came to school on foot this aftemoon.(強調謂語(yǔ))
、跿om came to school on foot this afiemoon.(強調地點(diǎn))
、躎om came to school on foot this aftemoon.(強調方式)
、軹om came to school on foot this aftemoon.(強調時(shí)間)
隨著(zhù)重音的改變,被強調的對象也隨之變化,所產(chǎn)生的額外意義(extra meaning)各不相同。這種變化全憑說(shuō)話(huà)者當時(shí)的感覺(jué)和所要表達的意圖,聽(tīng)者只好聽(tīng)話(huà)聽(tīng)音了。有趣的是,這種看似無(wú)規律的強調卻在書(shū)面語(yǔ)中得到了充分的體現和美妙的對應。上面五個(gè)口語(yǔ)強調句子幾乎都可以用“It is--”強調結構表示出來(lái)。
、買(mǎi)t was Tom who came to school on foot this attemoon. (強調主語(yǔ))
、跧t was school that Tom came to on foot this aftemoon.(強調地點(diǎn))
(DIt waS on foot that Tom came to schoolthis aftemoon.(強調方式)
、軮t was this aftemoon that Tom came to school on foot.(強調時(shí)間)
我們也不難看出口語(yǔ)中的強調方式更多、更微妙、弦外之音更多,也更難被初學(xué)者掌握。由于說(shuō)話(huà)者的語(yǔ)調、語(yǔ)氣變化萬(wàn)千,同時(shí),由于聲勢語(yǔ)(body language)的巨大輔助表達功能,有時(shí)人們很難用書(shū)面語(yǔ)去準確描繪說(shuō)話(huà)者是怎樣使用這一強調手段的。因此,在書(shū)面語(yǔ)中人們會(huì )采用較為特殊的方式表示強調,如通過(guò)使用黑體:The English ate different. The Eng-lish are even more different than they think they are, though not more different than they feelthey are.作者把這兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞用黑體標注出來(lái)表示這兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞要特別重讀——強調。人們在使用英語(yǔ)的過(guò)程中用于表示強調的手段是多種多樣的,其中被人們談?wù)摰米疃嗟氖钦Z(yǔ)音手段、詞匯手段和語(yǔ)法手段。說(shuō)話(huà)者用詞匯手段表示強調的例子非常多,似乎無(wú)規律可循,使用副詞表示強調最為普遍。詞匯強調手段也會(huì )導致句子結構的變化。尤其是當副詞never, 10nely, little,where,very, such, scarcely等前置時(shí),句子結構會(huì )發(fā)生改變。有時(shí)形容詞前置時(shí),句子結構也會(huì )改變。在本文中作者將重點(diǎn)討論用于表示強調的若干語(yǔ)法手段。
(1)用it引導強調句。
It was this aftemoon that Tom cameto school on foot.
It was Tom who (that) came to school on foot this aftemoon.
It was your sister that Tom met in the zoo yesterday.
It was in the zoo that Tom met your sister yesterday.
It was on foot that Tom came to school this attemoon.
用it引導強調句在英語(yǔ)中使用很廣泛,該結構幾乎可以強調句子各個(gè)成分,不足的是它不能強調謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,其結構特征和使用方法也被廣泛掌握,在這里就不贅述了。
(2)用what引導的強調句。該強調句的主要目的是要引起讀者的注意,指出所要強調的內容,與口語(yǔ)中的呼語(yǔ)一樣,有異曲同工之妙。
What she lacks is intelligence.
What hurt me most was her indifference.
(3)添加助動(dòng)詞do表示強調。句子中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的位置往往比較固定,要強調突出有一定難度。采用添加助動(dòng)詞do表示強調不失為一種方便簡(jiǎn)潔的強調手段。
Do come in,please!
Do be calm!
She did say so.
We are very pleased that she does intend to come.
(4)使用倒裝句inversion表示強調。該強調手段較為常見(jiàn),我們通常把在正常語(yǔ)序下較晚出現的成分移至句首,使之處于突出的位置,從而受到特殊強調。在移動(dòng)句子成分時(shí),有時(shí)需要改變結構順序,有時(shí)則不必改變。
Sympathy I don't want!
Beautiful she was!
Down on his head the boy came.
Gone are the days when they could do what they liked to the
Chinese people!
Only in this way can we leam English well.
(5)用雙重否定double negation表示強調。用雙重否定表示強調的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是句子顯得鏗鏘有力。
It must not be thought thatl was without love for this girl.
No one has nothing to offer to society.
There is no man but has his fault.
(6)通過(guò)重復repetition以示強調。把想要表達的意思重復,加以強調,較為直接的做法是將一個(gè)句子,某個(gè)單詞重復,或是用某個(gè)單詞的近義詞進(jìn)行重復陳述。該強調方式往往能顯示作者的決心等。
From this nothing will tum us--nothing.
We will never parley. We will never negotiate.
(7)用修辭問(wèn)句rhetorical sentence表示強調。修辭問(wèn)句是作者或者演說(shuō)者問(wèn)而不答的一種疑問(wèn)句,這種問(wèn)句的答案是顯而易見(jiàn)的。這種修辭問(wèn)句主要用于強調,以表達說(shuō)話(huà)者強烈的思想感情。
I ama Jew. Hath nota Jew eyes? Hath nota Jew hands, or-gans,dimensions,senses,affections,passions fed with the same food,hurt with the same weapons,subject to the same diseases,healed by the same means,warmed and cooled by the same win- ter and summer, as a Christian is?
If you prick us, do we not bleed? Ifyou tickle us, do we not laugh? Ifyou poison us,do we not die? And ifyou wrong us, shall we not revenge?
If Winter comes, can Spring be far behindtl
(8)使用祈使句imperative sentence表示強調。用祈使句表示強調往往某種人際關(guān)系,如上下級,朋友,或是表達強烈情感,如表示客套,憤怒。
Read the text loudly!
Don't be silly!
Never do that again!
Get out!
Do have another cake.
(9)使用縮略句elliptical sentence表示強調。
Sometimes it does rain-and( it does rain) hard.
He saw her lying there. Dead.
Good taste. Kent style.
(10)使用掉尾句periodic sentence表示強調。掉尾句有故弄玄虛,制造懸念之優(yōu)點(diǎn)。
As they were singings and dancing and playing cards, he was snoring.
The man who was wearing an overcoat and talking loudly and at the same time smoking a cigarette was my father.
(11)用感嘆句exclamatory sentence表示強調。該句式主要用于表達說(shuō)話(huà)者的主觀(guān)情感,做到有感而發(fā)。
How well he speaks!
Whata lovely girl sheis!
Oh,whata lie!
(12)使用其它修辭手段達到強調目的。為了達到強調目的,說(shuō)話(huà)者幾乎可以不擇手段。只要能突出主題,建立印象,表達情懷,甚至需要本人,說(shuō)話(huà)者都會(huì )毫不猶豫地采用。筆者列舉數例僅供參考。
And so, my fellow Americans ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.(對比antith-esis)
We shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship,support any friend,oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.(排比parallelism)
You are the whole world to me,and the moon and the stars and the constellations ofouter space.(夸張hyperbole)
出于對英語(yǔ)的愛(ài)好,筆者對英語(yǔ)中表示強調的種種語(yǔ)法手段進(jìn)行了很不成熟的歸納,算是自己多年來(lái)學(xué)習和教授英語(yǔ)的一點(diǎn)體會(huì ),提出與大家共勉。
參考文獻
[1]張道真,實(shí)用英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法[M].外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社,1995.
[2]章振邦.新編英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法(M],上海:上海譯文出版社,1983.
[3]馮翠華,英語(yǔ)修辭大全M].外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社,1996.
[4]張漢熙,高級英語(yǔ)(第一冊),(第二冊)[M].外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社,1995
【英語(yǔ)中表示強調的種種語(yǔ)法手段論文】相關(guān)文章:
談?wù)勚袑W(xué)英語(yǔ)中的強調句型-英語(yǔ)教學(xué)論文09-26
小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的重要手段論文04-15
淺談?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)語(yǔ)法教學(xué)的論文09-02
音畫(huà)藝術(shù)手段在科學(xué)教育活動(dòng)中的運用論文05-21
中學(xué)數學(xué)教學(xué)中電教手段的運用論文07-15
SCI論文寫(xiě)作的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法問(wèn)題09-14