侵權法上的過(guò)錯問(wèn)題

摘   要

過(guò)錯在侵權行為法中的重要性，已是我國法學(xué)界所公認的事實(shí)。然而，對于與過(guò)錯有關(guān)的幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵性問(wèn)題，如過(guò)錯的本質(zhì)、過(guò)錯的認定標準，法學(xué)界并未有過(guò)系統的論述。主觀(guān)過(guò)錯的不足之處在于將意志和行為彼此分離,不能真正揭示過(guò)錯的概念且限制行為人的責任。而采用客觀(guān)過(guò)錯說(shuō)能更好地揭示過(guò)錯的本質(zhì)，過(guò)錯是客觀(guān)的。過(guò)錯的客觀(guān)認定標準不僅降低了受害人的舉證負擔，最大限度保護了受害人的利益，同時(shí)也為法官在認定加害人行為時(shí)提供了更為有效的方法。我國侵權法中的過(guò)錯認定在法律有明文規定時(shí)依照法律規定,當法律沒(méi)有規定時(shí)采取客觀(guān)過(guò)錯標準。

關(guān)鍵詞：合理人；“良家父”；過(guò)錯侵權；客觀(guān)過(guò)錯標準

Abstract
The importance of fault in tort behavior law, it is the fact that has been recognized by the law circle of our country. However, there is no systematic exposition on several critical problems concerning fault such as the essence of fault and the judgment standard of fault. The disadvantage of the view of “subjective fault” is to separate the will with the action, and thus cannot reveal the notion of fault and cannot restrict the responsibility of the action taker. By contrast, the view of “objective fault” can better reveal the essence of fault that fault is objective. The objective view of fault judgement not only lessens the burden of victim to present evidence but also protects the victims interest to the most extent, and offer a more effective way to the judge to define the action of injury-taker. Whether the behavior does have the fault is judged according to legal rule when there is one or according to the objective fault standard of judgement when there isnt such a rule.

Keyword：the Reasonable Man； bonus patter families； negligence；Objective fault standard

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